Lagos Plan of Action

Contents

PREAMBLE

CHAPTER I FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
CHAPTER II INDUSTRY
CHAPTER III NATURAL RESOURCES
CHAPTER IV HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND UTILISATION
CHAPTER V SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER VI TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER VII TRADE AND FINANCE
CHAPTER VIII MEASURES TO BUILD UP AND STRENGTHEN ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL
CO-OPERATION INCLUDING CREATION OF NEW INSTITUTIONS AND STRENGTHENING OF EXISTING ONES
CHAPTER IX ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER X THE LEAST DEVELOPED AFRICAN COUNTRIES
CHAPTER XI ENERGY
CHAPTER XII WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER XIII DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, STATISTICS AND POPULATION
ANNEX I FINAL ACT OF LAGOS
ANNEX II RESOLUTION ON THE LAGOS PLAN OF ACTION
ANNEX III RESOLUTION ON THE PARTICIPATION OF AFRICA IN INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS
ANNEX IV VOTE OF THANKS

Preamble

1. The effect of unfulfilled promises of global development strategies has been more sharply felt in Africa than in the other continents of the world. Indeed, rather than result in an improvement in the economic situation of the continent, successive strategies have made it stagnate and become more susceptible than other regions to the economic and social crises suffered by the industrialised countries. Thus, Africa is unable to point to any significant growth rate, or satisfactory index of general well-being, in the past 20 years. Faced with this situation, and determined to undertake measures for the basic restructuring of the economic base of our continent, we resolved to adopt a far-reaching regional approach based primarily on collective self-reliance.

2. Thus, following a series of in-depth considerations of' the economic problems of the continent by our Ministers and by groups of experts, we adopted at our 16th'Ordinary Session, held in Monrovia, Liberia, in July, 1979 the "Monrovia Declaration of Commitment of' the Heads of State and Government of the OAU on the guidelines and measures for national and collective self-reliance in economic and social development for the establishment of a new international economic order".

3. In adopting the Declaration, we recognised "the need to take urgent action to provide the political support necessary for the success of the measures to achieve the goals of rapid self-reliance and self-sustaining development and economic growth", and declared as follows:

(i)"We commit ourselves, individually and collectively, on behalf of our governments and peoples, to promote the economic and social development and integration of our economies with a view to achieving an increasing measure of self-sufficiency and self-sustainment.

(ii) "We commit ourselves, individually and collectively, on behalf of our governments and peoples, to promote the economic integration of the African region in order to facilitate and reinforce social and economic intercourse.

(iii) "We commit ourselves, individually and collectively, on behalf of our governments and peoples, to establish national, sub-regional and regional institutions which will facilitate the attainment of objectives of self-reliance and self-sustainment.

(iv) More specifically, we commit ourselves, individually and collectively, on behalf of our governments and peoples, to:

(a) give an important place to the field of human resource development by starting to eliminate illiteracy;

(b) put science and technology in the service of development by reinforcing the autonomous capacity of our countries in this field;

(c) achieve self-sufficiency in food production and supply;

(d) implement completely the programmes for the United Nations Transport and Communications Decade for Africa;

(e) realise the sub-regional and regional internally located industrial development;

(f) co-operate in the field of natural resource control, exploration, extraction and use for the development of our economies for the benefit of our peoples and to set up the appropriate institutions to achieve these purposes;

(g) develop indigenous entrepreneurship, technical manpower and technological abilities to enable our peoples to assume greater responsibility for the achievement of our individual and collective development goals;

(h) co-operate in the preservation, protection and improvement of the natural environment;

(i) ensure that our development policies reflect adequately our socio-cultural values in order to reinforce our cultural identity; and

(j) take into account the dimension of the future in the elaboration of our development plans including studies and measures aimed at achieving a rapid socio-economic transformation of our States.

(v) "We hold firmly to the view that these commitments will lead to the creation, at the national, sub-regional and regional levels, of a dynamic and interdependent African economy and will thereby pave the way for the eventual establishment of an African Common Market leading to an African Economic Community.

(vi) "Resolving to give special attention to the discussion of economic issues at each annual Session of our Assembly, we hereby call on the Secretary General, in collaboration with the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, to draw up annually specific programmes and measures for economic co-operation on sub-regional, regional and continental bases in Africa."

4. In order to consider concrete measures for the implementation of the Monrovia Declaration, we resolve to hold this Extraordinary Session in Lagos, Nigeria, to be devoted to the economic problems of our continent.

5. In assessing those problems, we are convinced that Africa's underdevelopment is not inevitable. Indeed, it is a paradox when one bears in mind the immense human and natural resources of the continent. In addition to its reservoir of human resources, our continent has 97 per cent of world reserves of chrome, 85 per cent of world reserves of platinum, 64 per cent of world reserves of manganese, 25 per cent of world reserves of uranium and 13 per cent of world reserves of copper, without mentioning bauxite, nickel and lead; 20 per cent of world hydro-electrical potential, 20 per cent of traded oil in the world (if we exclude the United States and the USSR); 70 per cent of world cocoa production; one-third of world coffee production, 50 per cent of palm produce, to mention just a few.

6. Thus Africa, despite all efforts made by its leaders, remains the least developed continent. It has 20 of the 31 least developed countries of the world. Africa is susceptible to the disastrous effects of natural and endemic diseases of the cruellest type and is victim of settler exploitation arising from colonialism, racism and apartheid. Indeed, Africa was directly exploited during the colonial period and for the past two decades; this exploitation has been carried out through neo-colonialist external forces which seek to influence the economic policies and directions of African States.

7. The structural weaknesses of African agriculture in agricultural globality are well known: low production and productivity, and rudimentary agricultural techniques. This situation obviously gives rise to insufficient agricultural growth, especially of food production, in the face of the rapid population growth and has resulted in serious food shortages and malnutrition in the continent.

8. We view, with distress, that our continent remains the least developed of all the continents: the total Gross Domestic Production of our countries being only 2.7 per cent of the world's per capita income and averaging US$ 166.

9. We view, with disquiet, the over-dependence of the economy of our continent of the export of basic raw materials and minerals. This phenomenon had made African economies highly susceptible to external developments and with detrimental effects on the interests of the continent.

10. Thus, in the 20 years from 1960 to 1980 the average annual rate of growth continent-wide has been no more than 4.8 per cent, a figure which hides divergent realities ranging from 7 per cent growth rate for the oil exporting countries down to 2.9 per cent for the least developed countries. Yet, if the world economic forecast for the next decade is to be believed, the over-all poor performance of the African economy over the past 20 years may even he a golden age compared with future growth rate.

11 This situation has led us at this Extraordinary Session devoted to the economic problems of Africa to an agonising but frank reappraisal of the present situation and of the future prospects of African economic conditions. In so doing, as we look back at the political constraints on the development of our continent caused by colonial and racist domination and exploitation, we also look forward with hope that Africa, which has survived the brutalities of imperialism, racism and apartheid, has the resilience to pull itself out of the economic malaise in which it finds itself.

12. The independence of Zimbabwe, after years of armed struggle waged by the Zimbabwe people under the leadership of the Patriotic Front and with the active support of the Organisation of African Unity, marks the final turn in the total political liberation of' the continent. This event has ushered in renewed and desperate attempts by the Pretoria regime to arrest the tide of history and to perpetuate the status quo in Namibia and South Africa itself. South. Africa's envisaged "constellation" of Southern States is part of this diabolic design - a scheme which would bring independent States under the same political, economic and military domination by the apartheid regime as the Bantustans. We shall continue to pursue, with vigour, the liberation of the last remaining outposts of exploitation, racism and apartheid.

13. The same determination that has virtually rid our continent of political domination is required for our economic liberation. Our success in exploiting our political unity should encourage us to exploit the strength inherent in our economic unity. We therefore resolve, in the context of our Organisation, to unite our efforts in the economic field. To this end, certain basic guidelines must he borne in mind:

14. (i) Africa's huge resources must be applied principally to meet the needs and purposes of its people;

(ii) Africa's almost total reliance on the export of raw materials must change. Rather, Africa's development and growth must be based on a combination of Africa's considerable natural resources, her entrepreneurial, managerial and technical resources and her markets (restructured and expanded), to serve her people. Africa, therefore, must map out its own strategy for development and must vigorously pursue its implementation;

(iii) Africa must. cultivate the virtue of self-reliance. This is not to say that the continent should totally cut itself off from outside contributions. However, these outside contributions should only supplement our own effort: they should not be the mainstay o four development;

(iv) as a consequence of the need for increased self-reliance, Africa must mobilise her entire human and material resources for her development;

(v) each of our States must pursue all-embracing economic, social and cultural activities which will mobilise the strength of the country as a whole and ensure that both the efforts put into and the benefits derived from development are equitably shared;

(vi) efforts towards African economic integration must be pursued with renewed determination in order to create a continent-wide framework for the much needed economic co-operation for development based on collective self-reliance.

15. On the basis of these guidelines, we, the Heads of' State and Government, meeting in Lagos at the 2nd Extraordinary Session devoted to Africa's economic problems, decided to adopt the following Plan of Action as well as the Final Act of Lagos. In so doing, we are conscious of the tremendous effort which will be required of us, individually and collectively, to attain the goals we have set for ourselves in these documents. We are confident that we have the determination to overcome the obstacles that may lie in our path and that our Organisation and its General Secretariat will be able to enlist the active support of the international community as well as of the relevant international organisations.

CHAPTER I

Food and agriculture

16. Over the past two decades, and at a time the African continent was facing rapid growth in population and urbanisation, the food and agriculture situation in Africa has undergone a drastic deterioration; the food production and consumption per person has fallen below nutritional requirements.

17. The shortfall in food production, coupled with high levels of post-harvest losses and periodic and severe shortages, has led to rapidly increasing dependence on food imports, resulting in a drain on foreign exchange resources and creating serious major constraints in financing the development of African economies. At the root of the food problem in Africa is the fact that Member States have not usually accorded the necessary priority to agriculture, both in the allocation of resources and in giving sufficient attention to policies for the promotion of productivity and improvement of rural life.

18. For an improvement in the food situation in Africa, the fundamental requisite is a strong political will to channel a greatly increased volume of resources to agriculture, to carry through essential reorientations of social systems, to apply policies that will induce reorientations of social systems, to apply policies that will induce small farmers and members of agricultural co-operatives to achieve higher levels of productivity, and to set up effective machineries for the formulation of relevant programmes and for their execution. The development of agriculture, however, should not be considered in isolation, but integrated within the economic and social development processes. Emphasis should also be put on the latter aspect, particularly on the problem of improving the conditions of rural life.

19. For an effective agricultural revolution in Africa it is essential to involve the youth and to arrest the rural-to-urban drift. Policies have to emphasise consistently the need not only to improve the living conditions on the farms but also to increase farm real incomes as a means of making agriculture more attractive and remunerative. New dimensions of inter-country co-operation are called for, but the primary responsibility for a breakthrough in food and agriculture lies with individual Member States operating in their respective national contexts.

20. Over the period 1980 to 1985 the objective should be to bring about immediate improvement in the food situation and to lay the foundations for the achievement of self-sufficiency in cereals and in livestock and fish products. Priority action should be directed to securing a substantial reduction in food wastage, attaining a markedly higher degree of food security, and bringing about a large and sustained increase in the production of food, especially of tropical cereals, with due emphasis on the diversification of agricultural production. Urgent measures are recommended in each of these areas.

Food losses

21. The objective should be to make significant progress towards the achievement of a 50 per cent reduction in post-harvest food losses.

Recommended actions include:

• careful assessment of the extent of food losses;

• formulation of' national policies for food loss reduction;

• mass-media campaigns to educate the public on methods of reducing food waste;

• construction of appropriate storage processing and other facilities;

• establishment of central technical units;

• promotion (through research, infrastructural development and incentives to farmers and fishermen) of improved methods of drying, preservation, storage, pest control and processing;

• improvement of livestock routes and holding grounds;

• training of technical staff for food loss control work, preferably through sub-regional/ regional institutions, seminars and workshops.

Food security

22. Most Member States should aim, as a first step, at setting up national strategic food reserves of the order of 10 per cent of the total food production.

23. Urgent steps should be taken by every Member State to adopt a coherent national food security policy. National policies must be translated into concrete actions such as early construction of storage facilities, creation of grain reserves, improvement of grain stock management and better forecasting and early warning systems.

24. The need for collective self-reliance will require sub-regional food security arrangements similar to the one initiated in the Sahelian zone. In addition, it is recommended that Member States should examine the feasibility of setting up an African Food Relief Support with a view to assisting member countries in times of food emergency.

Food production

25. Food development must be promoted in an integrated manner, and should take into consideration the problem of transportation and distribution of farm products at the level of consumers. Food self-sufficiency should take into consideration the nutritional values of foodstuffs and should solve simultaneously the problems of undernutrition and malnutrition.

26. The set-up of agricultural production should be based on adequate and realistic agrarian reform programmes consistent with political and social conditions prevailing in the respective countries. An improved organisation of agricultural production must be given priority so as to increase agricultural production and productivity.

27. The OAU, in co-operation with the ECA, FAO, IFAD, WFP and other relevant international organisations, should carry out studies on the establishment of regional food trade and distribution organisations and make recommendations to the next economic summit.

(a) Food crops

28. All Member States should adopt necessary measures for the implementation of the regional food plan for Africa adopted by African Ministers of Agriculture. The main immediate objective should be to bring about quantitative and qualitative improvements in food-crop production (cereals, fruits, tubers, oil seeds, vegetables, etc.), with a view to replacing a sizeable proportion of the presently imported products. Besides, the production of these food products should be encouraged in countries which have the potential for these crops. Special attention should be given to the cultivation of cereals such as millet, maize and sorghum, so as to replace the increasing demand for wheat and barley.

29. Areas in which urgent action is recommended include:

• promotion of better agricultural practices, particularly the intensive use of improved input packages and plant protection measures;

• modification of techno-economic structures of production, so as to provide small farmers and members of agricultural co-operatives with the necessary incentives to increase production;

• better utilisation of water for irrigated cereals on on-going irrigation schemes, and initiation of new schemes;

• soil and water conservation;

• flood control and drainage;

• intensification of the use of improved hand tools and draught animals, and promotion of mechanised farming, where justified;

• physical infrastructural development, including the building of small bridges, dams, access and feeder roads, and the improvement of education, health and other social facilities much of which at this stage should, as far as possible, be undertaken through voluntary self-help participation.

(b) Livestock

30. The main areas in which increased support is recommended in the immediate future are:

• training: establishment of sub-regional training centres and workshops on livestock production, slaughterhouse practices, and poultry and small stock development;

• animal health: establishment of specialised trypanosomiasis control units, improving productivity of trypanotolerant breeds, and integrated development of areas freed from tse-tse fly;

• establishment of vaccine production facilities and an effective regional quarantine system; establishment of sub-regional research centres in tick-borne disease; and improvement of laboratory services and disease surveillance systems;

• animal breeding;

• control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease;

• development of animal feed; and

• infrastructural development.

(c) Fisheries

3 1. The target should be to increase annual fish production from African waters by 1 million tons by 1985, which should permit a rise of 1 kilogram in the level of average annual fish consumption per person between 1980 and 1985.

32. The measures recommended are:

• development of industrialised off-shore fleets (where justified by resource availability) and increased productivity of artisanal fisheries;

• expansion of aquiculture;

• improvement of communications between landing points and markets, especially of inexpensive feeder roads to fishery communities;

• improvement of traditional processing methods;

• investment in shore-based infrastructure, particularly in storage facilities;

• expansion of inter-regional trade in fishery products;

• encouragement of sub-regional co-operation in the assessment of fish potential, especially where common stocks are concerned as well as in international lakes and river basins;

• formulation of joint schemes for the rational exploitation and management of sub-regional fish stocks;

• review and, as necessary, renegotiation of existing fishing agreements.

(d) Incomes and price policy

33. It is strongly recommended that Member States formulate and apply effective and coherent policies to ensure that prices of farm inputs and farm produce provide an adequate incentive for increasing food production, particularly by small farmers, while safeguarding the interests of the poorer consumers at the same time. Similarly, the individual activities entailed in the recommended programme of action should be designed and implemented with a view to ensuring beneficial impact of income distribution on the rural poor. In particular, efforts should be made to reduce the widening gaps in income between rural and urban populations as well as those between the rich and the poor in rural areas.

Forest production

34. The objective should be to integrate forestry more closely with agriculture in order to ensure adequate supplies of fuelwood and to increase the contribution of forest resources to industrialisation.

35. The most urgent actions that need to be taken for the development of forest production in Africa are:

• organisation of inventories of national forest resources;

• intensification of programmes for integrating woodlots and trees in land use and agricultural practices at village and farm levels;

• control of soil erosion;

• expansion of areas under forestry regeneration programmes by 10 per cent per annum up to 1985, with special attention paid to community woodlots and agro-forestry;

• expansion of forest reserves by 10 per cent over the next five years;

• progressive reduction of exports of unprocessed logs from their present level;

• preparation and launching of a regional plan for the development and harmonisation of forest industries;

• strengthening of existing regional bodies dealing with forestry;

• increased training at national and regional levels of forest professionals, technicians and guards;

• expansion and inter-country co-ordination of applied research programmes.

Research

36. Science and technology have a pivotal role in the development of agriculture, especially in connection with agronomic research, training and extension. Within the context of agronomic research, special emphasis should be placed on improvement of selected seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and other chemicals suitable for African conditions.

37. Agricultural research is crucial to the transformation of agriculture in Africa. National research systems and inter-country co-operative research programmes should be strengthened. Agricultural research work should be geared to supporting the objective of food self-sufficiency, and liaison between research and extension should be made more effective. It is therefore recommended that:

• agricultural research should put more emphasis on the development and spread of new technologies than has occurred in the past;

• biological innovation such as plant and livestock breeding and control of agricultural pests could substantially increase agricultural production and output in Africa; they provide more productive plant and animal species and other husbandry techniques and should be emphasised in agricultural research programmes;

• research has, in the past, addressed itself to a narrow spectrum of food crops and has neglected a number of food crops indigenous to Africa; such crops are grown by a large number of the rural population and constitute a major proportion of the diet-this situation should be rectified;

• research should also be intensified in the area of root crops, tubers and soya beans, and in improvement of production and nutritional values of all food crops;

• special attention should be given to problems affecting food production in semi-arid areas in order to stabilise production in this fragile eco-system. Research should develop adapted crop varieties and production systems that ensure optimal utilisation of the limited soil and water resources.

Extension service

38. It is crucial that research findings be made available with minimum delay to the farming community. It is therefore recommended that:

• a closer link be established between research and extension services;

• the extension service should lay more emphasis on the spread of existing technologies;

• the extension service should be strengthened and given additional resources in order to reach the bulk of' the rural population rather than concentrate on a relatively small group of progressive farmers;

• training efforts should concentrate on extension workers who should, in turn, focus their work on rural youth and women; extension Institutions, especially farmer training centres, need to be strengthened.

Agricultural services

39. Rational exploitation and development of natural resources, especially forestry and wildlife, should be promoted as a means of improving food supply in the region within the context of integrated rural development programmes.

40. Strong institutions should be developed for rural development, planning and monitoring; data collection; provision of agricultural credit and inputs; efficient transport, marketing, agro-industrial development; and storage and processing.

41. Agricultural mechanisation has a priority role in increasing agricultural production and in modernising farms. However, this problem must be studied very carefully and should be related to industrial development so that it will not further increase the dependency of Member States on the developed world. In the process of agricultural mechanisation, special emphasis should be put on animal traction in countries that have not yet reached the appropriate level of motorisation.

Resources

42. Total investments required over the 1980-85 period for the implementation of the proposed programmes amount to about US$21,400 million, at 1979 prices. In addition, expenditures for inputs would rise by about US$560 million over the same period. This level of expenditure will form only part of the total expenditure requirements of the agricultural sector for the 1980s, as contained in the document Regional food plan for Africa (AFPLAN), approved by the Ministers of Agriculture in Arusha, Tanzania, in 1978, and endorsed by the Heads of State and Government in the Monrovia Declaration in 1979. Additional resources will be necessary to cover the latter half of the decade which is not covered in this Plan of Action for only l980-85.

43. All Member States reaffirm their support for IFAD and WFP. They appeal to the international community to place more resources at the disposal of these organisations, which should accord top priority to requests coming from Member States.

44. It should be desirable to aim at financing at least 50 per cent of the investment requirements with domestic resources.

Implementation and monitoring

45. As an initial step, Member States should determine the manner in which the foregoing recommendations should be applied in the specific contexts of their respective countries. In carrying out this task, Member States may avail themselves of the services of the Inter-Agency Strategy Review Missions which should be set up for this purpose.

46. High priority should be given to building up national capabilities for identification, preparation, execution, monitoring and evaluation of agricultural development projects. FAO, in co-operation with ECA and other relevant agencies, should expand its training programmes in this field. Regional and sub-regional seminars/workshops should also be organised.

47. Member States should expand their economic and technical co-operation in food and agriculture through increased trade, exchange of manpower technology, and joint development programmes at the sub-regional and regional levels.

48. Member States should set up specific yearly goals for food and agriculture and establish effective national and regional machineries to monitor progress towards them. At the regional level monitoring should be an inter-agency exercise involving OAU, ECA, FAO, W17C and UNDP.

49. In the context of the new strategy and targets in food and agriculture, it will be necessary to reappraise the on-going projects that are financed from external sources, with a view to ensuring that they too contribute to the realisation of these new objectives.

CHAPTER II

Industry

I. Introduction

50. Twenty years after the attainment of political independence by a majority of African countries, Africa is entering the 1980-90 decade in a state of underdevelopment which makes the continent the least developed region in the world, an underdevelopment which has resulted from several centuries of colonial domination.

51. Aware of their handicap and determined to follow through their action which is aimed at lifting them out of their underdevelopment, Member States undertake to promote and accelerate their economic and social development individually and collectively.

52. Member States accord, in their development plans, a major role to industrialisation, in view of its impact on meeting the basic needs of the population, ensuring the integration of the economy and the modernisation of society. To this end, and in order for Africa to achieve a greater share of world industrial production as well as to attain an adequate degree of collective self-reliance rapidly, Member States proclaim the years 1980 to 1990: Industrial Development Decade in Africa.

53. In order to achieve the industrial development objectives in the short, medium and long term Member States decide to take all measures at the national, sub-regional and regional levels and in the areas of human resources, natural resources, financing and promotion institutions in order to lay the foundation for the total and complete mobilisation of all energies in ensuring the success of the gigantic task undertaken.

54. Member States are determined to act in concert with the rest of the international community whose co-operation in all forms is indispensable to their own action.

55. In this connection Member States consider that they are owed a massive and appropriate contribution by the developed countries to the development of Africa, the successful achievement of which they see as the very condition for the continued development of the advanced countries and the preservation of world peace.

56 'The industrialisation of Africa in general, and of each individual Member State in particular, constitutes a fundamental option in the total range of activities aimed at freeing Africa from underdevelopment and economic dependence. The integrated economic and social development of Africa demands the creation, in each Member State, of an industrial base designed to meet the interests of that country and strengthened by complementary activities at the sub-regional and regional levels. Industrialisation of this kind will contribute, inter alia, to:

(a) the satisfaction of basic needs of the population;

(b) the exploitation of local natural resources;

(c) the creation of jobs;

(d) the establishment of a base for developing other economic sectors;

(e) the creation of the basis for assimilating and promoting technological progress;

(f) the modernisation of society.

57, By harmonising development activities through ensuring that optimum use is made of the limited resources of the various Member States, industrial co-operation creates conditions conducive to regional and sub-regional collective self-reliance, while at the same time provides the frame-work for strengthening the effort of each country.

58. Conscious of this situation and of the need to strive to translate development targets, the Heads of' State and Government reiterate their support for the resolution adopted at the Third General Conference of UNIDO recommending that the United Nations General Assembly should proclaim the 1990s as the African Industrial Development Decade. They are fully aware that such a proclamation will confer certain obligations on those who work for it and thus undertake to make an appropriate contribution to the efforts required to ensure its success. They are determined, furthermore, to take all necessary steps to ensure that this decade is fully successful.

59. Member States note, with great disappointment, the negative results of the Third General Conference of UNIDO, In the first place, they appreciate the true significance of this failure, namely the importance of the developed countries to induce the developing countries to abandon their legitimate demand for a just and equitable new international economic order. Attention should also he drawn to the negative attitude of the developed countries towards efforts being made by Member States for accelerated industrialisation in the region. This failure, inter alia, underlines the necessity for individual and collective self-reliance.

60. In addition, they draw a number of conclusions, including:

(a) the need to promote, side by side with the other developing countries, recognition of their right to development;

(b) the need for fruitful co-operation between Member States on the one hand, and between Member States and the other developing regions, on the other hand;

(c) the urgent need for each country to adopt a national development policy based, above all, on using its own resources;

(d) the urgent need to implement a plan for the collective industrialisation of Africa based on the concept of self-reliance.

II. Long, medium and short-term industrial development objectives

61. In application of that section of the Monrovia Declaration relating to industrial development in Africa; bearing in mind the targets set at the Second General Conference of UNIDO at Lima and the relevant resolution of the Third General Conference of UNIDO at New Delhi on the African Industrial Development Decade; and in accordance with the New Delhi Declaration and Plan of Action submitted by the Group of 77, the Heads of State and Government adopt the following industrial development strategy for the long, medium and short term up to the years 2000, 1990 and 1985, respectively. In doing so, they underline the priority accorded to the creation of the sound industrial base and related aspects embodied in the Declaration of African Heads of State and Government adopted at Monrovia.

1. Long term objectives up to the year 2000

62. In implementing the long-term development strategy up to the year 2000 Africa's target shall he to achieve 2 per cent of world industrial production, in accordance with the Lima target.

63. The attainment of this target will require the creation of an industrial structure at national levels within the framework of an integrated economy.

64. Stress should he put on the need to establish links between industry and other sectors as web as between various industrial sub-sectors, so as to promote interdependence among them and achieve harmonised industrialisation and over-all economic development.

65. In formulating their industrial development strategy African countries should bear in mind the need to select suitable technology which will also be socially suitable, compatible with resource endowment, and increasingly to reduce Africa's present overdependence on the developed countries for technology.

2. Medium-term objectives up to the year 1990

66. During the decade 1980 to 1990 Member States intend to achieve 1.4 per cent of world industrial production and at the same time to do all within their power to attain self-sufficiency in the following sectors: food, building materials, clothing and energy. To this end, they have set themselves the following targets:

(a) creation of a solid base for self-sustained industrialisation at the national and sub-regional levels;

(b) development of human resources to ensure that they are fully mobilised in the industrial development process;

(c) production in sufficient quantities of agricultural inputs such as fertilisers, pesticides, agricultural tools and machines;

(d) production in sufficient quantities of building materials for the construction of decent urban and rural housing for the continent's growing population and in general to meet the economy's requirements in terms of building materials;

(e) development of the intermediate and capital goods industries, particularly those intended for other industries and infrastructure building;

(f) on-the-spot processing and up-grading of an increasingly large portion of the continent's raw materials;

(g) satisfaction of industry's energy needs by developing the different forms of energy available in the continent;

(h) satisfaction of textile requirements.

3. Short- term objectives up to the year 1985

67. In pursuing their medium and long-term industrial development objectives, Member States intend to achieve the following targets in the short term:

(a) to achieve at least 1 per cent of world industrial production;

(b) to lay the foundation for phased development of basic industries which are essential for self-reliance, since they produce inputs for other sectors.

It is, therefore, important to conduct studies that will establish those basic industries which can be developed in the short term on a national or sub-regional basis, and those which must be developed in the long run and requite sub-regional or regional co-operation. The modalities for the creation of. these basic industries must be studied and established:

(i) food and agro-industries;

(ii) building industries;

(iii) metallurgical industries;

(iv) mechanical industries;

(v) electrical and electronic industries;

(vi) chemical industries;

(vii) forest industries;

(viii) energy industry.

III. Requirements for the achievement of industrial development

68. If the whole set of long, medium and short-term industrial development objectives set by Member States are to be achieved a variety of requirements will have to be met at national, sub-regional, regional and international levels.

1. At the national level

69. Industrial development in each Member State will depend on:

(a) designing a national industrialisation policy which lays down priorities, targets and the human, financial and institutional resources required;

(b) establishing training facilities for technical personnel which will meet the requirements at all skill levels;

(c) training of nationals both at supervisory and intermediate industrial management levels should be given high priority so as to lessen Africa's dependence on foreign managerial competence;

(d) launching of a prospecting programme with a view to making an inventory of all the resources in a country and establishing how they should be exploited;

(e) establishing financial institutions which offer such terms and conditions as to promote accelerated industrial development and take account of the special features of emerging sectors;

(f) creating financial institutions which offer such terms and conditions as to promote accelerated industrial development and take account of the special features of emerging sectors;

(g) making every effort to ensure that the industrial surplus funds realised from industrial activities in Africa are reinvested in the region;

(h) creating a machinery to co-ordinate and promote industrial co-operation between the country concerned and other countries in the sub-region and the region;

(i) creating a network of small and medium-scale industries as well as actively promoting and encouraging the informal sector;

(j) taking effective measures and providing incentives for the development of small and medium-scale industries by taking into account the need for local resource uses, employment and technological diffusion;

(k) monitoring the activities of transnational corporations;

(l) putting strong emphasis on the utilisation of local raw materials as inputs to industry so as to lessen the present excessive dependence on imported industrial inputs;

(m) careful selection of product lines, emphasising those that will contribute towards satisfying the basic needs of their people and for development;

(n) formulating and implementing policy measures to stem rural-urban drift through decentralisation of resource based small and medium-scale industries to rural areas, and the development of rural infrastructures;

(o) developing, encouraging and supporting indigenous entrepreneurs to participate effectively in industrial production, with a view to gradual control of the capital ownership in the sector by nationals;

(p) the utilisation of research, determination of the role of private, semi-public as well as public enterprises as instruments for the implementation of the plan.

2 At the sub-regional and regional levels

70 Member States are convinced of the fundamental role of intra-African industrial co-operation, in all its various forms, as an instrument for self-reliance and acceleration of industrial development to achieve the 2 per cent Lima target for Africa, taking into account, in particular, the discouraging attitude of developed countries, and of the present low progress in the intra-African co-operation. Member States have therefore decided to give concrete expression to their will to co-operate by adopting the following measures:

(a) preparation of sub-regional and regional plans for the creation of major. industrial complexes whose cost and production capacity would exceed national financial and absorptive capacities;

(b) creation of multinational regional or sub-regional institutions to make an inventory of and exploit shared natural resources. The modalities for establishing these institutions should be determined through consultations among the countries;

(c) giving high priority to the establishment of multi-national industries in Africa, especially in such basic areas as metallurgy, foundry, chemicals, etc., with high investment costs, expand bilateral industrial co-operation among Member States through such means as joint ventures;

(d) strengthening of existing institutions such as:

(i) African Regional Centre for Technology;

(ii) the African Regional Centre for Engineering Design and Manufacturing;

(iii) the African Industrial Development Fund.

(e) establishment of machinery to monitor industrialisation at the sub-regional level;

(f) creation of the African Regional Centre for Consultancy and Industrial Management Services;

(g) promoting trade in manufactures among Member States; adopt measures to encourage the consumption of national and regional industrial products;

(h) strengthening and, where necessary, creating industrial project financing institutions;

(i) reforming credit policies adopted by financial institutions operating in Member States, with a view to increasing the volume of credit available to national public and private industrial enterprises;

(j) creation of industrial co-operation areas without customs and trade barriers;

(k) adoption of measures to ensure harmonisation of tax systems at the sub-regional and regional levels in order to facilitate industrial co-operation among African countries;

(1) creation of multinational institutions to promote financial flows and the acquisition of technology for Africa;

(m) undertake measures at national, sub-regional and regional levels to facilitate fuller utilisation of excess industrial productive capacity in Africa;

(n) initiation of research work at the sub-regional and regional levels in new sources of energy;

(o) optimising the utilisation of existing training infrastructures before embarking upon the creation of new institutions-existing training centres should be strengthened and effectively used by nationals of the various Member States;

(p) exchange of information among Member States on technical and financial specifications and costs related to contracts on implementation of industrial projects with developed countries as a means of reducing excess costs in foreign exchange resulting from the weaknesses in negotiation capacity of developing countries due to lack of information among them relating to these contracts.

2. At the international level

71. Member States feel that it is essential to co-operate with other regions of the world in order to attain their industrial development objectives. They insist on the fact, however, that such co-operation should be mutually advantageous and should be based on respect for the fundamental interests of the continent and in particular sovereignty of every country over its natural resources.

72. In their relations with other developing regions Member States will in particular strive to:

(a) promote the exchange of industrial technology;

(b) implement joint technical training programmes;

(c) conclude trade, monetary and payments agreements with a view to promoting trade in finished and semi-finished products with such regions;

(c) obtain the additional resources required to finance their industrial development from financial institutions which, like BADEA, are controlled by developing countries and in particular the oil exporting countries;

(e) strengthen their bargaining power by working together with other developing regions and harmonising with them the positions to be taken vis-à-vis the developed countries.

73. For member States co-operation with the developed countries should lead, in particular, to:

(a) a massive transfer of resources to finance industrial projects which are accurately costed to take account of all types of additional expenditure borne by the industries of Member States;

(b) acquisition of technology at the lowest cost, taking into account the social cost and resource endowment factors;

(c) inventions, patents and technical know-how should be made available freely by industrialised countries to the countries of the Group of 77 as a definitive contribution of developed countries to the industrial development of developing countries;

(d) monitoring the activities of transnational corporations so as to ensure that their activities are compatible with the interest of Member States;

(e) the adoption of an international code of conduct on the transfer of technology as well as a code of conduct for transnational corporations designed to safeguard the interests of Member States;

(f) industrial redeployment at the world-wide level which ensures that Member States achieve the Lima targets;

(g) free access to developed countries' markets for the industrial products of Member States through the removal of protectionist tariff and non-tariff barriers.

74 Concerning the role of international organisations whose task it is to promote industrial development and, in particular, UNIDO, Member States would like them to concentrate, as a matter of priority, on the least developed countries, and would want to see these organisations receive more material and financial resources so that they can play an effective role in promoting the industrialisation of Africa. In particular, the United Nations Capital. Development, Fund which at present does not fund manufacturing projects in the public sector, should be urged to amend its policy to enable it to do so, thereby significantly assisting small-scale manufacturing in the least developed countries through the provision of grants and long-term "soft" loans.

75. Furthermore, they call for measures to be taken to put the system of consultations within UNIDO on a legal and permanent basis and to ensure that decisions reached are binding. These consultations should be undertaken at the sub-regional, regional and international levels.

CHAPTER III

Natural resources

76. The major problems confronting Africa in the field of natural resource development include: lack of information on natural resource endowment of large and unexplored areas and the activities of transnational corporations dealing with natural resource assessments; lack of adequate capacity (capital, skills and technology) for the development of these resources; a considerable dependence on foreign transnational corporations for the development of a narrow range of African natural resources selected by these corporations to supply new material needs of the developed countries; the inadequate share in the value added generated by the exploitation of natural resources of Member States due to imperfect pricing and marketing practices; non-integration of the raw materials exporting industries into the national economics of the Member States thus impeding backward and forward linkages; extremely low level of development and utilisation of those natural resources of no interest to foreign transnational corporations; and disappointingly low general contribution of natural resources endowment to socio-economic development. Because of these factors Member States are unable to exercise meaningful and permanent sovereignty over their natural resources.

77. During the 1980s the strategy for the developing countries of Africa in their natural resources development should aim at:

(a) undertaking the assessment of their natural resources endowments and the use of the information on natural resource distribution and availability for national and African multinational socio-economic development projects intended to produce goods and services to meet the needs of Member States;

(b) integrating natural resource development within national and African multinational socio-economic development programmes and projects, so as to encourage complementarity of different natural resources available in various Member States in the production process and to promote backward and forward linkages that the development of the natural resources can generate within the African economics;

(c) undertaking comprehensive manpower, technology and capital needs surveys for natural resource development activities with a view to enabling the countries to pool their resources for the implementation of national and African multinational natural resource development programmes and projects;

(d) strengthening existing national and African multinational institutions dealing with natural resource development and conservation activities at all levels including training, research, production, processing, fabrication, marketing, finance, etc., and the establishment of new ones;

(e) harmonising national natural resource development policies with a view to creating a favourable environment for co-operative efforts by the Member States in the development of their natural resources to meet socio-economic needs of their peoples; and

(f) working closely with the international community and other non-African agencies involved in natural resource development in the region, so that external resources are directed principally to natural resource development projects which promote and sustain co-operative arrangements among Member States so as to enable the region to obtain the fullest possible development benefits flowing from regional linkages.

General proposals and recommendations

78. (i) In recognition of the significance of natural resources in providing a sound base for national socio-economic development, Member States should take early steps to acquire a thorough knowledge of their natural resource endowments. These include the establishment of a manpower development and institution building programmes for the conduct of field studies and preparation of inventories of natural resources.

(ii) Member States whose economy essentially depends on production of raw materials should endeavour to co-ordinate and harmonise their positions in all international negotiations on raw materials so as to protect their interests.

(iii) In particular measures should be taken by each Member State to ensure that all results and basic data, especially foreign transnational companies during their mineral prospection activities in the country, are handed over to the government.

(iv) To ensure the best possible storage and utilisation of these data, a documentation centre (data bank) should be established at the national level.

(v) To enable African governments to exercise sovereignty over their natural resources they should take all necessary measures through the development of relevant human and institutional infrastructure, to establish indigenous technological capabilities in the exploration, processing and exploitation of their natural resources.

(vi) The constant aim of African governments should be the rational development and utilisation of their natural resources, employing technologies that are appropriate to their local conditions, and paying due regard to such aspects as conservation of natural resources.

(vii) At the sub-regional and regional levels measures or policies should be adopted to ensure effective intra-African co-operation among Member States, namely:

(a) harmonisation of national development programmes for the use of mineral, energy and water resources;

(b) establishment of joint facilities for applied research, specialised services and training;

(c) participation in multinational projects and enterprises for the exploitation, production and processing of usable natural resources.

Mineral resources

79. The main development objectives of the strategy for development of mineral resources during the 1980s would be:

(i) Improved knowledge of African mineral resources through possession of an adequate inventory of existing and potential resources, better forecasting of consumption patterns and research towards rational use of known reserves. Particular attention should be paid to those mineral raw materials with strategic importance for building up the basic industries making up intermediate products such as: iron and steel, aluminium, base metals, petrochemical products and fertiliser, cement, etc. In the economic evaluation of the resources account should be taken of the structural changes which have occurred in the world due to the effect of the energy crises, the new technologies as well as the increased needs for local consumption of some raw materials.

(ii) Creation, at the national and regional levels, of proper scientific, technical and industrial environment necessary for the development and expansion of the mineral extractive industries. To this end, the first effort should be directed towards the strengthening of the capabilities of the national geological surveys and mining departments. In promoting the new methods and techniques of research the national capabilities have to be complemented by the multi-national African centres for development of mineral resources.

(iii) Correlation of national programmes of geological research and mineral surveys at the sub-regional and regional levels in view of increased efficiency and establishment of joint operational activities. Of particular importance will be co-operation among the Member States for exploitation of the resources of the sea-bed.

(iv) Training in all aspects of mineral resources development of high level specialised personnel as well as of medium level technicians from Member States in order to alleviate the shortage of qualified manpower and to reduce the dependence on overseas expertise and specialised services.

(v) Development of a system of transfer of know-how, and exchange of scientific, technical and economic data in geology, mining activities and mineral economics among Member States as well as with countries from other developing regions.

80. The objectives outlined above should be achieved through the following activities:

(a) The completion of preliminary studies related to the appraisal of known African mineral resources and their present development with proposals as to how best they could be developed to meet the needs of the region by mid-1981. The Regional Conference on the Development and Utilisation of Mineral Resources in Africa, to be convened by ECA in Kampala, Uganda, from 6 to 15 October, 1980, is one of the steps intended to achieve this objective.

(b) The completion of preliminary studies on manpower, technology and capital needs in mineral resource assessment activities in the Member States for the specific programmes agreed upon at the Regional Conference mentioned above, including suggestions on how existing internal resources could be mobilised to effect their implementation by the end of 1981.

(c) The active participation of Member States, through political and material support, in the operation of institutions of African multinational mineral resource development. To that end, those Member States of the eastern and southern sub-regions which have not yet joined the sub-regional mineral resources centre based in Dodoma (United Republic of Tanzania) should do so by the end of 1980. A similar centre for the central sub-region should be established in 1980-81 and should become fully operational by 1984. The establishment of similar centres for the western and northern sub-regions should also be considered after 1982. These multinational institutions for applied research are also likely to strengthen national institutions involved in similar activities.

(c) Regular or annual meetings of experts of geological surveys of Member States to review past performance of mineral resource research activities in the region, with a view to taking appropriate national measures for improvement in the years ahead. Such meetings should commence in 1980 with the Regional Conference already mentioned above.

(d) Establishment of joint co-ordinating offshore prospecting committees for the rational exploration and devaluation of the sea-bed resources.

(e) The preparation between 1980 and 1983, at the country level and on a regional basis, of the inventory of mineral resources of Africa using a standardised methodology for classification of reserves and evaluation of mineral deposits.

(f) A joint regional programme for the preservation and proper use of geological documentation, reports and maps and mineral collections.

Water resources

81. The following recommendations are proposed in line with the Mar del Plata Action Plan of the United Nations Water Conference, of March 1977 and the proposals made on the follow-up and implementation of the Action Plan for integration, development and management of water resources at the African Regional Meeting in October, 1978.

A. Institutional strengthening

82. It is suggested that this problem be approached at the following three levels:

(i) at the national level National Water Committees should be established (by 1980) in countries which have not yet done so:

(ii) at the sub-regional level existing sub-regional organisations such as river and lake basin commissions should be strengthened. A review of the requirements for strengthening of these should be carried out and completed in 1980. By the end of 1982 these sub-regional organisations should be equipped with additional resources in staffing and funding;

(iii) at the regional level an Inter-governmental Committee on Water for the African Region, as approved by the ECA Conference of Ministers at their Fifth Meeting in Rabat in 1979, should be established.

B. Formulation of national water plans

83. Member States should take action to formulate master plans in the sectors of water supply and agriculture and integrate them into a composite national water plan at the national level. This should be completed by 1983.

The plan concerning water supply should represent national aspirations for the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade and the plan for agricultural water use should be integrated with the regional food self-sufficiency plan adopted as a part of the Regional Development Strategy.

C. Project identification, preparation and implementation

84. Member States should identify and prepare bankable water supply and irrigation project reports for implementation with external financial and technical assistance as well as with domestic resources. This should be taken up without waiting for the formulation of national water plans.

D. Sub-regional and regional co-operation

85. Joint river-lake basins organisations should be established to promote inter-governmental co-operation in the development of shared water resources. Member States requiring such institutional arrangements should immediately start negotiations among themselves and try to complete them so that these new joint organisations can be brought into existence by 1983. Through these organisations greater co-operation amongst Member States should be encouraged so that less advanced Member States may benefit from those more advanced countries in the region, in the context of TCDC.

Cartography and remote sensing

86. The strategy for development in cartography and remote sensing is geared to providing the means to achieve self-sufficiency in qualified personnel in all branches of cartography, to bringing to light the present position of Africa's attainment in mapping and to providing the means to establish and strengthen national surveying and mapping institutions in order that the Member States may be in a position to undertake surveying and mapping projects which are essential for development.

Actions recommended

87,(i) To recognise the importance of their national surveying and mapping institutions and to rate them high among their national priorities and to provide sufficient budget for them to take steps to establish them where none exist.

(ii) 'To actively participate and support regional training and services centres in cartography in order to reduce costs of producing badly needed manpower and to provide lacking services.

(iii) To share equipment and services between those with capabilities and those without, especially the least developed nations.

(iv) Considering that remote sensing is an important tool in the inventory, planning and exploitation of natural resources; taking into account the efforts already made towards the establishment of the African Remote Sensing Council and the Regional Training and User Assistance Centres, it is highly recommended that Member States participate fully in the African Remote Sensing Programme and provide both political and material support for the success of the programme.

CHAPTER IV

Human resource development and utilisation

88. The summit takes, note of the situation in the development and utilisation of human resources in Africa, the principal aspects of which are the high rate of population growth, the growing level of unemployment and underemployment, the shortage of different types and levels of trained manpower, the high level of adult illiteracy, the deficiencies in the educational system and the lack of co-ordinated policies and programmes of manpower training and the funding of training at the national level. It also notes the various recommendations of the regional training development conference that was held in Addis Ababa in December 1979, aimed at providing specific guidelines for achieving development-oriented educational and training systems.

89. Recognising the need to achieve an increasing measure of self-reliance in the economic and other spheres, the summit stresses the importance of trained manpower as input to activities in the various production sectors and support services as well as in the education and training sector as producer of skills and know-how for its own needs and for other sectors.

90. The need for increasing employment and income as a way of achieving better living standards for the bulk of the population, particularly for the rural inhabitants, is stressed. To this end, it is necessary to give adequate attention to the development of indigenous technologies and methods of training that will benefit those in the production sectors at all levels, particularly in the informal sector.

91. Since Africa's greatest asset is its human resources, full mobilisation and effective utilisation of the labour force (men, women and youth, both trained and untrained) for national development and social progress should be a major instrument of development.

92. The importance of scientific and technical skills and know-how for modem development cannot be overemphasised. It is in this area that Member States are overdependent on imported technical and scientific manpower. It is therefore very cardinal, and in accordance with the principle of self-reliance, that Member States should give special priority to the development of scientific and technical manpower at all levels, including the training of science and technical teachers and instructors.

93. A primary objective of socio-economic development is the improvement of life for the entire population of a nation. The attainment of this objective requires full participation of all segments of the population in gainful and productive employment and provision of all essential services for enrichment of life of the community. It also requires effective programmes of social welfare, community development, social security and mobilisation of the masses for the development of public works and community services.

94. Regarding the immensity of the task of training to be accomplished, lack of training facilities in some fields and scarcity of financial resources, the summit urges meaningful co-operation among Member States in developing and utilising specialised regional, sub-regional and multinational training and research institutions for training nationals in specialised skill areas by using, wherever possible, existing national institutions as a base. While co-operation and collective self-reliance should be the guiding principles in human resource development, the summit stresses that the principal responsibility for manpower training and employment promotion should be seen as resting squarely at the national level.

95. The foregoing highlights of the African situation draw attention to serious manpower and employment constraints in major sectors of development. The situation calls for action, determination and sustained efforts commensurate with the challenge of manpower development that faces Member States, if they are to achieve self-sustained, internally self-generating socio-economic development. This challenge calls for hard options and difficult choices. There is need to re-align development priorities in order to emphasise the development of human resources not only as the object of development, but also as the custodian and mentor of socio-economic development; as services of all the development as well as of the terminal products and services of all the development efforts. The human resources development sector in Africa requires positive action, if it is to play its proper role in ensuring the continent's survival and progress.

96. To ensure that Member States achieve a good measure of self-reliance in trained manpower and technical know-how; that the skill input into production and services activities in the various sectors are assured and available as, and when, needed, and that Member States have adequate policy and programme guidelines in this important sector, the summit adopts the following programme of action:

At the national level

97. The translation of public pronouncements at international meetings into national action programmes through the integration of manpower planning and programming functions, personnel development, placement and utilisation services into a Ministry of Manpower Development charged with the responsibility of:

(a) undertaking realistic, manpower assessment, projections, planning and programming and continuous monitoring of its development and proper utilisation; and

(b) developing a career capability for co-ordinating and planning manpower development effort and monitoring manpower placement and utilisation on a continuous basis.

98. Establishing and operating definitive and comprehensive policy guidelines for national training development and legislative acts that not only legitimise national commitments to human resource development but also establish and delineate the co-ordinating authority and functions of' the following:

(i) Operational training administrative guidance and co-ordinating machinery with a proviso for its manning by:

- a profession oriented Training/Staff Development Officer cadre deployed at the centre and in all centres of socio-economic activity, with established career and definitive scheme of service, and one that derives its satisfaction from its own inner standards of excellence and commitment to the development of its field of practice-training development, and supported by

- sectoral/ministerial advisory committees in sectoral centres of socio-economic activity or service-rendering agencies.

(ii) Maintaining a centrally administered Training Fund that ensures steady availability of funds to operate the training function and contributed to by all those that demand and use trained manpower.

99. Establishing and operating a Central Advisory Council deriving its membership from sectoral committees, and charged with training development and utilisation so as to ensure a timely availability of trained manpower and its proper utilisation advising on priority skill needs and judicious utilisation of available training resources.

100. Ensuring that multinational, regional and sub-regional project activities concerned with human resource development and utilisation are incorporated and reflected in national policy guidelines as well as in related legislative acts and development plans, for example:

(a) policies and activities of multinational or sub-regional graduate schools being reflected in national University Charter and Education Acts;

(b) reappraisal of national employment policies so that provision is made for shared use and co-operative exchange of African expertise.

101. Establishing, operating and periodically reviewing training and development programmes, laying emphasis on those with multiplier effects, with priority accorded to:

(a) science and technical teacher training;

(b) training and staff development officer training;

(c) managerial, executive and supervisory cadre development training;

(d) accelerated skill development programmes in selected and key sectors for industry, agriculture, transport and communications, science and technology, education, and integration of women in development based on:

(i) task analysis and subsequent employable skill training modular approach;

(ii) double in-takes or other cost-saving alternatives in post-primary educational institutions;

(iii) non-formal programmes in adult learning through distant teaching, university of the air, workers' education, etc.;

(iv) in-plant industrial training, teaching factories and development project attachment training.

102. Periodic appraisal and review of educational policy, training and practice; of institutional and staff capacity and capability; and of reform and re-orientation of curricula, course content and course offerings, in a reponse to changing patterns in assessed future manpower demand.

103. Consolidation and integration of fellowship and scholarship programmes and financial resources for training under one agency, within a ministry, so as to ensure that:

(i) available resources are directed towards meeting the most critical training needs in order to facilitate placement for study in areas that are not locally or adequately provided for;

(ii) recipient country or agency is able to determine by itself the fields in which donors are to provide institutional and financial resources for training;

(iii) efficient and more equitable use is made of the available resources for those areas with critical skill shortage, thus ensuring savings in, foreign exchange outflows;

(iv) commitments and national obligations to support regional or multinational specialised training, research institutions as well as related fellow-ships and training programmes are duly honoured.

104. Restructuring and streamlining of national administrative structures so that these are capable of monitoring their own internal operations, of implementing their activities and programmes, and of adjusting to the changing internal and external demands of development efforts through:

(i) continuous monitoring of performance of these structures in relation to national development effort, making necessary structural, resource (man/materials/money) mix, and the plan being executed;

(ii) continuous review and monitoring of the application and effectiveness of rules, procedures, communication patterns and machinery, and readjusting them for better results;

(iii) setting up performance audit systems and units in order to ensure that (i) and (ii) above are effected and institutionalised, and that open communication systems, organisational development and policy examination analysis and review process form an integral part of the organisational performance audit and renewal process;

(iv) controlling the proliferation of administrative and organisational structure in the light of resource demands of the economic development efforts and the need to minimise government operation costs;

(v) maintaining an efficient merit system for the attraction, retention, motivation, training and career development of public servants in order to ensure the use of staff which is motivated by internal standards of excellence and by commitment to development objectives, as they discharge their duties.

105. Adoption of policies and measures that would ensure increasing reduction of dependence on the use of foreign experts and skills while promoting training of nationals in technical co-operation projects and fostering employment of African expertise within the region.

106. Developing programmes for training rural inhabitants and those in the informal sector in various occupations and adapting such training to improve indigenous skills and technologies. This measure should provide for fundamental and comprehensive review and overhaul of prevailing methods and techniques of training and adult learning for the acquisition of skills, transfer of technologies and know-how. The role of non-formal training methods and the use of media in the training of the masses should be given adequate recognition and support.

107. Developing capacity to respond to the increasing demand for more technical manpower input in production sectors, especially in industry, agriculture, science and technology so that the skill-mix ratio in the production of scientists, technicians and artisans should be increased to one scientist to five technicians to 30 craftsmen and artisans.

108. Improving income opportunities and gainful employment for youth and school leavers should remain one of the principal objectives in development activities in all production and service sectors. Such a policy should be reinforced with effective skill and managerial training programmes in the informal sector, especially in the unorganised entrepreneurial economic activities in urban peripheries.

109. Attention should be given to programmes that improve the quality of life and the performance of workers through improved nutrition, better housing, medical and health care and healthy environment. Requisite manpower, at all levels, for execution of programmes and activities contributing to the improvement of the quality of life, should therefore be developed and efficiently utilised.

110. Development of a nation requires collective efforts of the whole population; therefore, measures should be taken to ensure full and effective participation of all the people.

Regional and sub-regional levels

111. The required actions at these levels would necessarily be directed to reinforce national actions through providing guidelines for, and facilitating actions in, manpower development and utilisation. The programme strategy therefore emphasises co-operation and collective self-reliance in manpower resource through:

(i) manpower studies, preparation of manpower profiles, and training programmes in specific branches and product lines in the main production sectors and supporting services, thus providing guidelines for formulation and initiation of training programmes at national levels designed to meet manpower requirements;

(ii)supporting an information and placement service, facilitating the identification and employment of African experts, and encouraging consultancy organisations, such as is being operated by the ECA programme for promoting the use of African experts and the development of indigenous consultancy services;

(iii) adoption of employment policies that permit free movement of labour within sub-regions, thus facilitating employment of surplus trained manpower of one country in other Member States lacking in that requisite skill.

112. Effective support for, and full use of, the facilities of regional and sub-regional training and research institutions through providing funds for the operation and sponsoring the training of nationals in specialised regional, sub-regional or multinational training institutions. Co-operation and collective self-reliance in manpower development can only be effective when African States pool their resources to develop and operate newly established training and research institutions in support of the manpower requirements of priority development sectors and product lines, and to strengthen and make full use of existing institutions.

113. Support for the OAU and ECA co-ordinated and administered Expanded Training and Fellowship Programme for Africa, which aims at training 8,000 Africans in Five years, with priority given to manpower requirements of the various priority sectors and product lines already mentioned; to the development of the teaching and research staff of regional and sub-regional institutions; to experiencing transfer; and to evolving an African TCDC in utilising available training facilities within the region. This programme needs a minimum operational budget of US$1.5 million a year as well as training places. Support for this programme by Member States is required through:

(i) financial grants for the operation of the programme;

(ii) provision of fellowships, scholarships and trainee places through the OAU and the ECA for the benefit of other Member States;

(iii) nominating nationals for training under the programmes, including student and teacher exchange arrangements;

(iv) providing regular information on national training and scholarship facilities available for training nationals of other African countries.

International action

114. The principle of co-operation and collective self-reliance, which Member States have adopted, recognises, in respect of human resource development and utilisation, that Member States must first help themselves individually and collectively in striving for survival and progress. However, international support to aid human resource development is welcome as supplementary to the African self-reliant effort. Such assistance should be seen and regarded as reinforcing national, regional and multinational development efforts that Member States must make in order that there can be development and progress. In this effort the continued and active collaboration of all international agencies within the United Nations system and other international, inter-governmental and non-governmental bodies should he effectively mobilised in support of national, sub-regional and regional effort for human resource development and utilisation.

CHAPTER V

Science and technology

115. The summit notes the background and evolution of the negotiation procedure and the final outcome of the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology Development (UNCSTD).

116. The inevitable conclusion arrived at is that as far as Member States are concerned, the UNCSTD realised only part of its objective and the Vienna Programme of Action leaves much to be desired.

117. Even though for Africa the outcome of UNCSTD was not as effective and fruitful as anticipated, it is felt that Member States should take appropriate steps to ensure their active participation in the post-UNCSTD dialogue.

118. While doing so Member States should direct their efforts to spelling out a strategy for development which should guide their thinking, planning and action on bringing about socio-economic changes necessary for improving the quality of life of the majority of the people. This objective requires them to invest in science and technology resources for raising African standards of living and for relieving misery in the rural areas.

119. Attention should therefore be paid to the role of science and technology in integrated rural development. This would require, among other things, the generation of financial resources and political will and co