African Center for Gender and Development

Certainly, the Dakar and Beijing Programmes have revived the role of women in development and provided an appropriate conceptual framework for refining policies in this area. In order to gauge the commitment of African countries in implementing the spirit and the recommendations of the Dakar Platform on Women, Information, Communication and Arts , the preparation of the present document involved designing a grid to determine progress achieved, using information from country reports and documents.

After the Beijing Conference, most African countries established or strengthened their institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women. However, a few countries established specific mechanisms to address the issue, as demonstrated by the following examples:

In Algeria, the initial reaction in 1996 to the recommendations of the Beijing Conference was to upgrade the body responsible for National Solidarity and the Family into a full- fledge Ministry, and the establishment of a National Committee to follow- up the implementation of the Beijing Programme. A move is under way to set up a National Council for Women to address the issue of media services for women.

In Tunisia, a series of specific mechanisms for the advancement of women is also under way. These include the Ministry of Women and Family Affairs. The National Council on Women and the Family was strengthened in 1997 by the establishment of three committees one of which monitors the image of women in the media.

Another body, the Centre for Research, Documentation and Information on Women ( CREDIF) is responsible for monitoring the scientific and academic aspects. The Centre participates in multidisciplinary research and development on women and gender.

In Ethiopia, the Office for Women s Affairs works in close cooperation with the women s affairs divisions set up in 13 key ministries including the Ministry of Information.

In the Seychelles, a National Steering Committee on Gender was established, with members drawn from the public sector and NGOs. The Committee monitors the implementation of the various aspects of the Beijing Programme recommendations, particularly the information and communication sector.

In South Africa, 1997 saw the launching of the powerful Commission on Gender Equality ( CGE) . Other bodies were established, notable among which the Office on the Status of Women ( OSW) which has branches in most provinces of the country. Gender units were also set up in various ministries.

In Senegal, the follow- up mechanism have been the institutionalized inter- ministerial council on women and a technical committee established to monitor and assess the action plan as well as gender and development. This mechanism seems efficient.

In Burkina Faso, the department responsible for information and a vocacy within the Ministry of Women s Affairs has conducted a survey on positive and negative images of women, particularly in the media.

In Cameroon, the Ministry for the Status of Women was made responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Beijing Programme since 1997. It also coordinates the Post- Beijing multi- sectoral action plan, particularly the chapter on media and communication.

Algeria, Burkina Faso, Tunisia, Nigeria, Mali, Kenya and Ghana have conducted information campaigns on the Programme of Action of the Beijing Conference. Algeria and Ghana have prepared and distributed handbooks and brochures on the 12 priority areas and in Namibia, the media has mobilized more than 2,000 gender- sensitive men and women.

In Kenya and Tunisia, the Ministry responsible for the Status of Women plays a key role in disseminating the recommendations of the Programme and in sensitizing target groups, including decision- makers, planners, statisticians and social development officials. Burundi expanded its media outreach for the six priority areas in its national plan of action, particularly Women and the Media .

Such countries as Senegal, Namibia, Nigeria, Swaziland, Guinea, Burundi, Madagascar and Tunisia focused their efforts on training as the cornerstone of their approach to gender mainstreaming in development.

Namibia initiated a training programme for media professionals and other personalities parliamentarians, religious leaders, trade unionists and women leaders on the concept of gender and development. In Madagascar, training and refresher courses on ICT were organized for media- professionals. In Nigeria, the National Association of Women Journalists ( NAWOJ) organizes training sessions for women journalists.

In Swaziland, workshops and training sessions were organized on gender mainstreaming for media professionals with United Nations assistance. Guinea has decided to include the gender and development approach in the journalism curriculum and is intensifying its training programme for journalists. Senegal has also set up several communication training institutes and plans to include a gender programme in all university courses.

In Tunisia, several training workshops and courses have been organized since the Toronto and Beijing Conferences. They have focused on the specific theme of women and the media and have been meant for journalists and media professionals in general.

Since 1996, CREDIF has, with UNFPA support, been running international training sessions on Gender, Population and Development for decision- makers and African communication experts, placing emphasis on women and family affairs. The courses have been attended by 90 women from 22 African countries. In Burundi, a series of seminars were held for journalists and senior civil servants on the theme Gender and Development .

Angola, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda and the Seychelles have encouraged women to join the media in an effort to combat media stereotyping of women. Ghana has set the target of fifty- fifty gender parity in the media and plans to publish a directory of women media specialists. Kenya is pursuing gender parity in appointments for media consultative bodies and in media regulatory, managerial and supervisory bodies.

Guinea recognizes the need to increase the number of women working in the media, to increase the training standards for journalists and to improve women s access to information. The proportion of women working in the media in this country rose from 16.7 per cent in 1995 to 20 per cent in 1999.

In Togo, the increase in the number of women working in the audio- visual and print media led to the establishment of a Togolese Branch of the Pan- African Communications Association ( APAC) .

In the Seychelles, the recruitment policy changed considerably after the Beijing Conference. Women are now in the majority in journalism and media production. They are increasingly taking up managerial positions, including as editor- in- chief and programme officers. In Rwanda too, the number of women working in the media as journalists, programmers and producers is growing.

In Ethiopia, Ghana, Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Kenya, Namibia, Rwanda, Mali and South Africa, the media has been largely used to conduct educational campaigns on violence against women.

Ghana has gone ahead with two associations, Women and the Media and Women and Radio Broadcasting , which have designed a follow- up programme and conducted various activities on violence against women, using television programmes, plays and photographic exhibitions. These activities have stepped up the debate on violence against women and led to proposals on amending the law on rape.

Cameroon, Senegal and Tunisia have established women s rights watch organizations serving as genuine research laboratories on women. Algeria has a national children s rights watch organization which works closely with women s NGOs. In Burundi, the women s centre has conducted activities for media broadcast, including a programme entitled Women and the Media targeted at all women s organizations.

Senegal launched its women s rights organization with the conviction that gender parity and equity comes next in the line of priorities after poverty alleviation. In Cameroon, the women s rights watch is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Beijing Programme.

In Tunisia, the women s rights watch organization which was launched in 1994 was strengthened through the establishment of a data bank providing statistical information on Tunisian women. This body is responsible for identifying the most relevant indicators for advancing the status of women. It is also responsible for the production of gender- disaggregated data. This measure which has institutionalized research constitutes a break with the past practice of piece- meal collection of data on women.

The mentioned countries as well as Ethiopia and Angola have established women s information and research centres. The Ethiopian Women s Research, Training and Documentation Centre focuses its activities on gender issues, the media and the place of women in art. In Angola, the Ministry of Women s Affairs and the Family established a women s research centre with UNFPA assistance.

It is to be noted, however, that research on women is still modest and does not seem to attract enough interest and funds to be able to play a significant role in the monitoring of the status of women in Africa.

South Africa and Mali are examples of countries that have made efforts to encourage research. Mali conducted a survey for the preparation of a national compendium on women s skills. South Africa is striving to compile and strengthen research and surveys on gender and the media, covering the whole country.

In Tunisia, CREDIF is gradually becoming a center of excellence for women s advancement. The Centre has organized several events, including workshops, seminars and surveys, on women and the media.

A project financed by UNFPA ad ressed the issue of women in the print media. UNFPA financed a similar survey on the image of women in the audio- visual media.

CREDIF has also organized four workshops under the project Women and the Media which was financed by a joint Tunisia- Swedish fund for the advancement of women. Several research activities and surveys have been published by the Centre, particularly on women s economic potential in Tunisia, on mobility and fertility and on the activities of rural women. The work undertaken by CREDIF complements the surveys and studies carried out by the women s rights watch organization, particularly on women media professionals.

Visible too is Togo s decision to strengthen its Centre for Documentation, Information, Training and Research on women by allocating it a budget of Francs CFA 8 million for 1999- 2004.

The Beijing Programme accorded civil society its rightful importance and expanded the scope of its actions to include cooperation with various national and international institutions as a way of giving effect to the strategies in the critical areas identified by the Conference. Since then, women s NGOs have grown in number and in strength in many African countries, where they have been using communication as a tool for the advancement of women.

In Tunisia, and specifically on the media, the most recent NGO the Alliance of Media Women joins such other NGOs as the National Union of Tunisian Women, the Association 21, and the Tunisian Mothers Association in promoting the economic and social advancement of women, using the communication strategy of sensitization and information.

In Cameroon, the number of NGOs has increased since the Beijing Conference, particularly NGOs working in communication, of which 16 per cent out of a total of 200 focus on promoting women s rights. They serve as a link between the people, the Government and the officials monitoring the implementation of the Beijing Programme.

In Rwanda, the Association of Media Women was set up in 1995, just after the Beijing Conference. Its role is to strengthen communication among NGO umbrella organizations working for the advancement of women. In Angola, it should be pointed out, an NGO association of women journalists has been established.

In Swaziland, NGOs conducting gender activities have organized workshops to sensitize grassroots organizations, policy makers and media professionals.

Ghana has taken another significant step by officially registering 200 NGOs with the Government. Many of these participate effectively in the formulation of national gender mainstreaming policy and the development of strategies to reduce gender disparities, particularly in the processing of information on women.

In the Seychelles, the Women s Committee of the Liaison Unit of Non- Government Organizations ( LUNGOS) is responsible for the implementation of the Beijing recommendations.

In South Africa, SANGONET works in close partnership with the Commission on Gender Equity ( CGE) and ensures greater use of ICTs by women.

The Dakar and Beijing Programes stressed that the silent contribution of women to the development of art and culture in the various countries should be reasserted. South Africa, Guinea, Mali and Tunisia have taken significant steps to reassert the role of women in the arts and to promote a new perception of culture as an economic sector from which women can derive benefits. Women have always produced the bulk of our cultural heritage albeit the most exploited group in the sector.

South Africa has instituted a mechanism for ensuring that the role of women in art and culture is recognized and equitably remunerated. Several projects and government funding have been launched to train women in arts and crafts and such related areas as creative writing, rama and film- making. Furthermore, the country has instituted punitive measures, such as withdrawal of government subsidy, against institutions that practice gender discrimination or sexual harassment.

In Madagascar, radio theatre that stresses the cultural, moral and intellectual values of women is emerging; and in Rwanda women s efforts have led to the abolition of drama productions portraying a degrading image of women.

In Guinea, a television programme has been launched to depict women s art work in a bid to encourage women, through media coverage, to intensify their activities in this field. Women s NGOs and the Ministry responsible for Social Affairs and the A vancement of Women have embarked on a campaign against those successful drama troupes in the country which caricature women as stereotypes.

Tunisia and Senegal have instituted prizes, like the Head of State s Prize which is awarded each year to a group of eminent women. In Tunisia, the Tahar Haddad Prize is awarded for the best piece of journalism by a woman. Another prize is awarded for the best literary work by a woman.

Since 1996, CREDIF has been publishing studies on artistic works produced by women. Examples are: Femmes du bout des Doigts, Les Gisements du Savoir- faire, Les Femmes Tunisiennes et le Cinéma and Silence, elles tournent ! . The National Union of Tunisian women launched a highly original and successful permanent exhibition on artifacts produced by housewives in gold, copper, textiles, embroidery and blown glass. Also, since 1998, a Forum of women media producers is organized during the celebrations marking the World Women s Day to bring women into contact with the marketing channels as a way of assisting them to sell their products. The Forum also includes a virtual market place on the internet, established with World Bank assistance.

Algeria has set up information networks with the support of the United Nations specialized agencies and is developing social communication within the country. Several newspapers have been established through private initiatives, but none specializes on gender issues.

In Senegal, cybercafes and telecentres have emerged. Several public and private media organizations have been set up as well as media training institutions. A network of journalists concerned with population affairs and a network of traditional communicators made up of men and women have been established.

Namibia has recently commissioned community and radio stations and stations targeting adolescents, and in Cameroon, new women s journals and information support systems have been created.

In Rwanda, the newspaper Kinyamateka has a publication for women. An association of Rwandan media women has been formed.

In Swaziland, the national newspaper decided to devote a column to gender issues and this example has been followed by the national radio.

In Ghana, the association Women and Radio has launched programmes to introduce children to telecast presentations and radiobroadcast programmes. Its news bulletin provides information on developments in the media.

Togo has initiated a rural radio programme as a means of reaching out to the remote areas. This in turn has encouraged civil society organizations and religious bodies to set up private radio stations. In each provincial capital, about 10 private radio stations operate and focus on gender issues.

In Guinea, two associations of traditional women communicators known as griots have been formed. The national chapter of the Association of Africa Communication Professionals ( APAC) has been strengthened. The number of women in rural radios nationwide has increased. Rural radio stations broadcast in 8 national languages and the listening audience extends beyond the national borders.

In Nigeria, interest groups are emerging to address the negative stereotyping of women in the media. These groups have encouraged the media to improve their coverage of women s activities and to develop a greater sense of gender mainstreaming.

In South Africa, the women s network, Women s Net, has been established to facilitate women s access to ICT as a means of promoting their cause. In Tunisia, two networks on women have been established: the local one known as RIF which links government institutions and NGOs with databases on women, and the REMIF or Maghreb Women s Information Network which links organizations with databases on women in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. It should be pointed out that training centres have been established to meet the information and training needs of rural women.

Finally, in Zimbabwe, community radios and radio listening clubs have been established.

This review of progress made by countries which have included Women, Information, Communication and Arts as priority in their national action plans is far from being exhaustive. It only outlines the current major trends followed by provisional conclusions. In doing this, four themes have been reviewed namely: the impact of the Beijing Conference, the role of the media in women s empowerment, the contribution of the major actors in the development of the media and the strengthening of women s role in the media.

The Dakar and Beijing Programmes of Action brought about changes whose impact can be measured through specific quantitative and qualitative indicators. The participants at the Sixth Regional Conference on Women used the following indicators with respect to communication:

The criteria, used in this case, relate to best practices and lessons learnt, for example:

The reform of programmes to retain the interest of the audience by broadcasting programmes that suit their wishes. Cameroon, for example, changed the name of the programme Femline to Women and Development in order to attain its objectives.

It is to be reemphasized that most of the country reports on the implementation of the Dakar and Beijing Programmes indicated Governments lack of commitment to improving the image of women in the media.

The media continues to show stereotype images of women, and this compromises the efforts made in other sectors to improve women s rights. The clichés projected about rural women, in particular, perpetuate the negative and degrading image given of African women in general. In addition to the slow pace of women s ascent to managerial positions in the media and communication sector and the lack of women s commitment certainly have an impact on the content of programmes disseminated by the various media. The situation indicates that the official media has never had a well- defined strategy for women s a vancement. Consequently, it is suggested that the monitoring mechanisms should be strengthened to ensure that the objectives set forth in the Dakar and Beijing Programmes in this particular regard are incorporated in national policies. It is also proposed that national evaluation observatories should be widespread for close monitoring of the media content on the advancement of women and that a gender code of ethics should be defined.

Partnership with regar to the media and information is obviously one way of increasing the scope of government action as women s a vancement is a collective responsibility. The participants at the workshop on Women and the Media , during the Sixth African Regional Conference on Women named the potential national and local partners in the advancement of women as Governments, NGOs, the private sector, Parliaments, civil society organizations, religious leaders, national and regional training institutes, media supervisory bodies and the general public. These partners are to mobilize the required resources, formulate policies, enact appropriate laws and revitalize activities for the advancement of women.

The point observed in conducting the research undertaken in connection with the present report is that the female private sector is not particularly interested in investing in the media and the new information technologies or in entering into partnership with stakeholders experienced in investing in these areas.

Madagascar is the only country that planned to encourage women entrepreneurs to invest in the media and produce radio and television programmes to assert the enterprise spirit of Malagasy women .

At the moment, Africa is going through an idyllic information situation with the ynamic developments and new communication technologies. The traditional methods of communication ( for example story- telling, drama) are being sidestepped. Rehabilitating these traditional methods of communication could compensate for the inadequacies of ICTs and other information technologies and help to expand coverage to all regions and women s organizations in a country. The inadequacies are undoubtedly due to the lack of basic infrastructure and training, not to mention the persistent illiteracy.

Guinea is trying to correct the situation by establishing a network of traditional communicators ( griots, genealogists, storytellers, go- betweens and religious leaders) and by organizing a seminar involving these and the modern communicators of the print and electronic media. The traditional communicators can sensitize the rural people and increase women s empowerment within their own communities.

Box 3 : Greater coordination of activities in connection with Women And the Media

The changes that have taken place in the priority area of Women, Information, Communication and Arts seem uneven. The results achieved by regional and international organizations such as the United Nations agencies, NGOs and Networks are the most tangible as they derived from a precise strategy which integrated gender in communication and development programmes. UNFPA, UNESCO, UNDP, the World Bank, APAC and ENDA have achieved concrete results in this regard. However, Governments seem to be far from achieving their cruising speed in pursuing the objectives set for this priority area in spite of possessing the required critical mass. The question is how to really create synergy between the activities of Governments and the initiatives taken by national, regional and international bodies in connection with the media and information.

Tunisia and Senegal, two of the countries which adopted this area as priority mentioned the problem of resources; and it is true that the lack of human and financial resources suffered by this area stems from the fact that, in allocating resources, priority is given to such areas as poverty alleviation, access to edu- cation and health and combating violence against women, considered more urgent. This explains Governments lacklustre and inconsistent action with re- gard to this priority area.

The fact that must be emphasized is that, in Africa, activities aimed at the advancement of women using information and communication techniques seem rather isolated from the official media world. The official media which are invariably State- controlled lack the required enthusiasm and rigour to monitor the implementation of the recommendations of the Beijing Programme on women and on information. What is more, the official media hardly reports events in this area and shows little interest in reproducing these events which could be adopted.

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Conclusions and recommendations

Africa is, today, the continent where the need to open the communication world to all and to transform communication into a driving force for the advancement of women is most pressing. Media professionals should increase their involvement in the activities undertaken, particularly by women s associations, to ensure that the new African Information Order takes their needs into consideration and respects the specific nature of women in a world that is increasingly conscious of the importance of gender mainstreaming and equity in the development process.

The image portrayed of women in the media does not still reflect the determination with which development objectives are pursued in Africa. Ambitious and laudable initiatives are currently being implemented at the national and regional levels. They are, however, scattered, isolated and marginally given attention by the media.

Governments as well as interregional and international institutions should ensure that women media personnel are trained and given opportunities for regular refresher courses. They should also sensitize communication professionals of both sexes to the concept of gender. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to train media specialists in science and medicine to allow for wider dissemination of scientific information so that women can make responsible choices and be adequately informed about health matters, particularly reproductive health, reproduction, hygiene and sexuality.

There is a desire to involve the private sector in the development of the media because of the obvious need to strengthen the public organ responsible for communication, media and art so as to enable it to foster the advancement of women. Governments should prepare a list of conditions to encourage the private media to give more priority to social communication for women. The role of women in the media could be improved through various means namely: the establishment of a network of women s organizations to legislate on the creation of community radios; the granting of tax and fiscal concessions on radio and computer equipment; the reduction of disparities between media professionals using modern technology and traditional communicators; the production of programmes and debates on issues of public interest in local languages for the benefit of rural people; the introduction of the gender approach in school programmes, beginning with the primary school level; the strengthening of training in new technologies; the promotion of women to managerial positions; and the establishment of incentives to attract the private sector into participating in the collective process of women s a vancement by investing in the media sector specifically for this purpose.

ACW could propose the establishment of an African media women s watch, to report periodically on the situation, identify best practices and ensure that the media profession fully integrates the concept of gender. The media women s watch could cooperate with other national women s watch organizations, ACW and Women and the Media to foster advocacy on behalf of women s organizations.

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Workshop recommendations

Recalling that Governments have prime responsibility for the implementation of the Dakar and Beijing Programmes of Action, the workshop made the following recommendations:

1. To give priority to the critical area of Women, Information, Communication and Arts, in view of its cross- cutting nature, and to request Governments to include it in their national plans of action.

2. To urge Governments to reduce or abolish fiscal barriers and prohibitive taxes which make communication equipment and software very expensive and inaccessible.

3. To ensure that national policies include a legal framework to regulate and balance media programmes and broadcasts affecting women.

4. To urge Governments to provide adequate resources for this area and ensure increased efficiency in the use of such resources.

5. To invite donors and international agencies to increase aid flows and technical assistance to networks and associations of women communicators and to those media institutions demonstrating considerable respect for gender.

6. To take into consideration the family and professional responsibilities of women in programmes and news on women.

7. To reinforce training programmes to increase the efficiency of NGOs and other bodies which use the media in their activities.

8. To reinforce training for media professionals and legislators on gender mainstreaming.

9. To encourage producers to design and air programmes in as many national languages as possible so as to reach the largest possible number of men and women in the rural areas.

10. To expand the legal framework of and fiscal concessions to the private sector to enable it to participate in the overall development of women.

11. To encourage the female private sector to invest in the media and in media production on issues concerning women.

12. To encourage the organization of fora and the establishment of communication networks to help keep media professionals abreast of progress in information technologies.

13. To encourage exchange of experiences and advantageous use of regional skills and expertise.

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Annex I: Questionnaire on the workshop discussions

1. What do you think are the main effects of the Beijing conference on Women, Information, Communications and Arts ? That is:

1.1. What are the main indicators to be used to measure progress achieved on behalf of women in this area?

1.2. What institutions and mechanisms established in various countries need to be strengthened during the next 10 years?

2. Information and the media play a key role in women s access to positions of responsibility:

2.1. How can the information and communication sector in African countries be transformed to make it play a more positive role?

2.2. What lessons learnt during the past five years should be shared with participating countries?

2.3. What strategies should be used to transform the information, communication and art sector to meet the need of really moving women up to managerial positions?

3. Who are the main partners in this regard? And: 3.1. What should be their role in such a transformation for the empowerment of women?

4. How can women be fully involved in the suggested transformation in African countries? And:

4.1. What procedures should be followed to make this a reality.

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Annex II: Employment of women in the media

COUNTRY	CATEGORY	# OF WOMEN OUT OF TOTAL PERSONNEL	%	YEAR
Ghana 2 daily newspapers Ghanaian Press Agency (GHA)	Journalists Journalists	24/107 21/130	22.4 16.1	1989
Kenya 3 daily newspapers	Journalists	25/250	10	1992
Nigeria Federal Radio News Agency of Nigeria (NAN)	Total Staff	N.A. N.A.	35 6.3	1989 1989
Senegal Radio, TV, Written Press	Journalists	30/300	10	1990
Togo Radio Togo TV Togo Togolese Press Agency	Permanent Permanent Permanent	27/49 23/142 41/142	10.8 16.2 33.1	1986 1986 1986
Tunisia Radio, TV, Written Press Tunisian Press Agency (TPA)	Journalists	N.A.	22	1993

Source: UNESCO Survey. Employment of Women in the Media : An incomplete story. Paris 1995

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Annex III: Employment of women in the media

SUB-REGION & COUNTRY	MALE POPULATION (%)	FEMALE POPULATION (%)
North Africa: Tunisia Egypt	21,4 36,4	45,4 61,2
West Africa : Togo	33	63
East Africa: Kenya Uganda	13,7 26,3	30,3 49,8
Central Africa: Cameroon Chad	25 37,9	47,9 65,3
Southern Africa: South Africa Zimbabwe	18,1 20,1	18,3 9,6

Source : UNESCO Annual Directory, 1998

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Annex IV: Africa s Share Of UNESCO s Regular Budget ( Education, Communication, Culture)

HEAD

AMOUNT IN
US DOLLARS

Continuing Education
Education in the 21st Century
Higher Education & Development
UNITWIN / Un Chairs
Teaching, research andCooperation in Social Sciences & Humanities
Science + Environment + MBA Programme
Social Transformation & Development
Cultural Development Decade
Youth + Social Development
Cultural Heritage
Protection of Sites, Monuments, and Cultural Heritage
Artistic Creativity
Media & Freedom of Expression
Access to Information & Technologies
Development of Libraries
New Information & Communication Technologies
Education & Information on Environment and population for Development

1,230.00
150,000
840,000
168,000
287,000

Source : UNESCO : Africa Priority Department, Paris June 1999.

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