Information
| Opening | Report
REPORT
A.
Attendance and Organisation of Work
1.
The First Executive Dialogue of Ministers and Leaders in the Private
Sector on Science and Technology for Africa's Development was
held in the United Nations Conference Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
from 18 to 19 June 1998. The meeting was formally opened by Dr
K. Y. Amoako, the United Nations Under-Secretary-General and Executive
Secretary of Economic Commission for Africa (ECA).
2.
The meeting was attended by Ministers or their representatives
from Ethiopia, Ghana, Tunisia, Uganda, South Africa, and Zambia.
Ambassadors from Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Kenya, Ghana, Madagascar,
C_te d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad,
Mali, Malawi, Guinea, Tunisia, Morocco, Zimbabwe, Senegal, Gabon,
Egypt and the Democratic Republic of Congo also attended.
3.
Leaders of the Private Sector from Ethiopia, Kenya and Tunisia
also participated in the two-day Dialogue.
4.
The Executive Secretary of CORAF who is also a member of the Science
and Technology Advisory Board of the ECA attended the meeting
as an observer.
B.
Accounts of Proceedings
Opening address (Agenda item 1)
5.
In his opening speech, the United Nations Under-Secretary-General
and Executive Secretary of ECA, Dr K. Y. Amoako, welcomed all
present to the First Executive Dialogue of Ministers and Leaders
in the Private Sector on Science and Technology for Africa's Development.
He noted that the participants present at the Dialogue signified
their support and commitment to the science and technology strategy
of the ECA. He reiterated that innovations are the engine of economic
growth for all countries.
6.
The Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary drew attention
to two events that he said were worth noting. First, societies
that have harnessed science and technology have reaped immense
benefit and have been able to accomplish development feats that
would otherwise have taken hundreds of years. He stated that while
it took the US 47 years and the UK 58 years to double their per
capita income, China and South Korea doubled theirs within a decade.
He said further, that while the ratio of income disparity in the
18th Century between the richest and the poorest countries was
a mere 2:1, today this ratio is more than 100:1.
7.
The second event that he highlighted is the advent of generic
technologies, namely, Information and Communication Technologies,
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering and new materials. He stated
that while information technologies are significantly changing
the way we do business and the way we order our lives and societies,
the other new generic technologies have also altered markedly,
the nature of competition among nations, the structure of employment,
and the character of
manufacturing
and trade. He stated that the comparative advantage of poor countries
such as commodity production is being replaced by a rapidly-changing
technological revolution in the context of unprecedented globalization
and the shrinking of distances.
8.
Dr K. Y. Amoako said that it was in response to these phenomenal
changes that the African Conference of Ministers at its twenty-second
meeting held in May 1996 assigned to the Commission a number of
challenging tasks for the promotion of science and technology
in the region. He added that the Commission was mandated to:
•
foster subregional cooperation and integration in science and
technology by formulating subregional policies on the basis
of members' competitive advantage;
•
provide policy advise to member States on the legislative framework
for implementing science and technology;
•
enhance entrepreneurial capacity building in science and technology
use;
•
design and implement subregional science and technology projects;
and
•
provide resource mobilization assistance to member States for
science and technology related activities.
9.
He said that it was in this context that the Commission embarked
on the critical appraisal of its past efforts to develop a new
strategy to meet Africa's science and technology challenge in
the twenty-first century. He then enumerated some of the initiatives
that the Commission had taken including: the Meeting of an Ad-hoc
Group of Expert which led to the establishment of an Advisory
Board on Science and Technology for Africa's Development; the
launching of the Science and Technology Network (ESTNET); and
work on the preparation of compendia of best practices in the
application of science and technology to food security and sustainable
development, as well as related research by member States.
10.
Dr K. Y. Amoako said that the Executive Dialogue avails the Commission
of two important opportunities: the first was the opportunity
to discuss how best to proceed in the light of the Commission's
declared objectives and review with ministers some of the current
issues on science and technology development as they affect member
States; the second, according to him, was the opportunity for
exchange of views with private sector participants who represent
important agents in the new development paradigm of trade liberalization,
globalization and a technology-driven development process. He
said that the Commission was seeking the insights and guidance
of participants on:
•
the recent changes in ECA's science and technology strategy;
•
the impact of social and economic policies on science and technology;
and
•
the impact of national policies on technology development by
the private sector.
11.
Dr K. Y. Amoako commended the commitment of participants to the
ideals of science and technology-driven development in breaking
the negative synergies that exist between low agricultural productivity,
high growth of population and environmental degradation. He then
expressed his confidence in their contribution and thanked them
for their commitment to the work of the Commission.
Initial
Statements by Ministers/Private Sector Leaders (Agenda item
2)
(a)
Statement by the Honourable Commissioner for Science and
Technology, the Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission,
Mr Asrat Bulbula
12.
The Honourable Commissioner commended the ECA for organising the
Executive Dialogue and briefly recounted what the Ethiopian Government
was doing to promote science and technology in the country. He
told participants that Ethiopia was promoting agriculture-led
industrialization through a clearly documented national science
and technology policy, which had been put in place since 1993.
He drew attention to the fact that the official policy was to
allocate 1.5% GDP to science and technology activities. He said
that in implementing this policy, the Government of Ethiopia set
up a Science and Technology Commission which was charged with
all science and technology activities. He drew attention to the
priority sectors for the science and technology activities of
Ethiopia which are: agriculture, natural resources, industrial
development, transportation and communication, the new and emerging
technologies, and related research councils. He stated that the
Ethiopian Government had also set up a National Computer Information
Centre, a National Research and Maintenance Centre, as well as
the Institutional Framework for Protecting Intellectual Property
Rights as a basis for the inflow of Direct Foreign Investment
(DFI). He said that the country was also promoting access to existing
patents and encouraging professional associations which according
to him numbered about 50 at that time. Other incentives provided
for the promotion of science and technology included: award schemes
for technological breakthroughs; special schemes to encourage
bright researchers; networking of higher institutions for science
and technology research; and the rationalization of research to
avoid duplication. He then recalled that the Ethiopian Science
and Technology Commission had participated in many science and
technology initiatives of the ECA in the past, and suggested that
the ECA would make a greater impact in the region if it harmonized
the various priorities of member States and encouraged them to
take a longer-run view of science and technology by investing
in basic science as a compliment to the focus on applied science.
(b)
Statement by the Honourable Minister of State for Finance,
Planning and Investment of Uganda, Mr Sam Kuteesa
13.
The Honourable Minister thanked the ECA for organising the Executive
Dialogue, and for inviting the private sector, since these are
the agents that are expected to drive economic development in
the new economic dispensation. He informed participants that science
and technology activities were coordinated by the Ugandan National
Council for Science and Technology headed by an Executive Secretary.
Council membership was drawn from eminent scientists, engineers
and prominent industrialists. He said that the Council supervised
the various research and development organizations in the country
and guided the direction of their activities. He highlighted some
of the achievements of the National System of Innovation in Uganda
which included: the development of Clonal coffee which is ready
for harvesting within eighteen months of planting; improved crop
varieties through biotechnology; and important contributions from
the informal sector. He then highlighted some of the problems
that were experienced in Uganda. These included: the non-development
of many inventions which prevented commercialization; high dependence
on donor funding as a result of lack of own funds for science
and technology; and the isolation of research and development
from industry. He appealed to participants to seek solutions to
the funding issue in particular.
(c)
Remarks of His Excellency, Mr Hamid Zaouche, Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Tunisia in Addis Ababa
14.
His Excellency apologised for the inability of his country's Minister
of Science and Technology to attend the dialogue in person and
that the remarks that he read were those of the Minister.
15.
The Minister thanked the ECA, and particularly, the Executive
Secretary for the initiative of organising the Executive Dialogue
of Ministers and the private sector. He said the meeting proved
the ECA's firm commitment to resolutely direct attention to the
real problems facing Africa, adding that science and technology
were at the core of economic growth, social, cultural and industrial
developments of modern nations. He commended the ECA for the three
issues chosen for the dialogue process since these were the burning
issues of our times. He assured participants that the Tunisia
was fully committed to the ideals that informed the initiative,
namely that there can not be meaningful and rapid progress without
the integration of science and technology in social and economic
planning. He enumerated some of Tunisia innovations which included
the creation of a secretariat of State of Scientific Research,
and Technology in 1991; allocation of 1% of state budget or 0.4%
of GDP to scientific research; launching of national research
programmes involving many laboratories in various fields such
as agriculture, health, environment, energy, computer science,
telecommunications etc.; networking of research institutions;
provision of various financial incentives to increase Research
and Development Institutions (RDI) - Industry Linkages, etc. He
concluded that although much had been done, he was convinced that
much more could still be done to harness science and technology
for development. He was convinced that the current dialogue would
make a substantial contribution.
(d)
A presentation to the First Executive Dialogue of Ministers
on Science and Technology for Africa's Development by Dr Farouk
Brimah, Deputy Minister of Environment, Science and Technology
16.
The Honourable Minister thanked the ECA for the initiative and
apologized for his inability to arrive for the dialogue on time.
He reiterated Ghana Government's conviction that science and technology
was the key to present day development. Accordingly, his Government
was sparing no effort to improve science and technology infrastructure
and build institutional capacity, in an attempt to make science
and technology the cornerstone of national development. He, however,
drew attention to the many problems that were hindering this country's
technological progress. These were the challenges of globalization
to Ghana's competitiveness on the world market; challenges of
the new information and technology age; the formulation of national
science and technology policy to address the requirements of Ghana's
Vision 2020; the problem of institutional linkages between the
public sector science and technology institutions and the private
sector and; the enhancement of agricultural productivity and its
linkage with agro-processing and marketing. He concluded by expressing
the hope that appropriate solutions would be found to these problems
by the participants at the dialogue.
(e)
Statement by Zambia on the occasion of the First Executive
Dialogue of Ministers and Leaders in the Private Sector on Science
and Technology for Africa's Development read by His Excellency,
the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Zambia,
Mr Simataa Akapelwa;
17.
His Excellency, the Ambassador gave the apology of the Zambian
Minister of Science, Technology and Vocational Training (MSTVT)
for his inability to be personally present and thanked ECA for
initiating the dialogue. He explained that the statement was originally
intended to be read by the Minister.
18.
In the speech, the Minister informed the meeting that the Government
of the Republic of Zambia had successfully developed a National
Policy on Science and Technology which had been enacted into an
Act _ 26 of the Laws of Zambia. He stated that the Act had two
broad objectives: (a) to ensure the entrenchment of science and
technology as part of the culture of the productive sector; and
(b) to ensure competitiveness in the production of a wide range
of quality goods and services. He stated, further, that the objectives
were being pursued through three programmes: (a) scientific and
technological rationalization; (b) science and technology promotion;
and (c) scientific and technological database creation. He enumerated
the various activities that were being carried out within each
of the programmes including science and technology conferences;
science and technology capacity assessment; and science and technology
public awareness building.
(f)
Statement by the Chargé d'Affaires of the South African
Embassy in Addis Ababa on the Science and Technology policy
of South Africa
19.
His Excellency informed participants that science and technology
was a priority area of cooperation in South Africa's relation
with the rest of Africa. He recalled that his Government made
a voluntary contribution of US$25,000.00 to the ECA specifically
for science and technology development in Africa, and had, a few
months earlier participated in a science and technology forum
in Cairo at which South African and Egyptian scientists deliberated
on areas of cooperation. He stated that the science and technology
policy of South Africa was people centred, and briefly traced
the evolution of science and technology in his country. Some of
the highlights of the Government's efforts included the publishing
of a Green Paper on science and technology followed by wide debate
and the issuing of a subsequent White Paper; the signing of a
number of bilateral science and technology agreements with several
countries - the UK; USA, Russia, the EU, Germany, Italy, France,
the Netherlands, among others; the creation of eight statutory
bodies to oversee the implementation of the science and technology
policy; and research in other areas by the private sector, which
was responsible for about 54% of all research and development
spending.
(g)
Statement by the Managing Director of Power Technics Limited,
Nairobi, Kenya, Mr Naresh Mehta
20.
Mr Mehta thanked the ECA for arranging the Executive Dialogue
and for inviting the private sector to participate. He then gave
a brief resume of his company. He told participants that Power
Technics started in 1982 with a capital base of US$500.00 from
which it grew to its present size with a turnover of over US$10
million employing about 180 people of whom 15 are engineers. He
said his company was a high tech manufacturer of: high voltage
switchgear; power and distribution transformers; low voltage switchboards;
feeder pillars; circuit breakers; voltage stabilisers; lighting
fittings; computer networking cabinets etc. He stated his company's
commitment to continuous innovation to maintain competitiveness.
He related his company's efforts to promote continuous innovation
through dynamic technology acquisition and barter trading to secure
training of its local work force at very low cost to the company.
He asserted that competitiveness could only be ensured through
continuous training. He further suggested that the private sector
could be aided in this challenge of global competition if incentives
could be given through relieving financial constraints, reducing
the burden of engineering and technical training, and the provision
of basic infrastructure. In particular, he suggested a cost sharing
system whereby Governments and industry shared the salaries of
fresh engineering graduates for the first three years of graduation
in order to provide practical experience which had constrained
their employment at present. He felt that the constraint arising
from inadequate infrastructural facilities was the most critical
bottleneck that affected technological development and the competitiveness
of African industry.
(h)
Statement by the Executive Secretary of the Ethiopian
Chamber of Commerce, Mr Adane Gudina
21.
Mr Adane Gudina gave a short historical background to the development
of science and technology in Ethiopia. He said that that development
occurred over three distinct periods, namely; 1960-1975 when very
little attention was paid to technological development; 1975-1991
which were the years of communism and a command economy when most
productive enterprises were nationalised; and 1991 to the present
during which there had been a gradual return to private enterprise.
He recalled that the command economy experience was unsuccessful
and drew attention to some of the efforts being made to help private
sector development. He felt that African countries could promote
technological development if more attention was paid to the development
of appropriate technologies for small and medium enterprise, and
to the development of technical human resources. He suggested
that ECA could aid this process by networking the science and
technology efforts of its member countries.
(i)
Statement by the President of the Ethiopian Private
Industry Association, Mr Berhane Mewa
22.
Mr Berhane drew attention to the fact that the Ethiopian private
sector was still in its infancy. He said that initially it was
preoccupied with survival, but currently the focus was on competitiveness
and productivity. He felt that Africa had a unique advantage in
"eco-products" and that these should be the focus of
their science and technology efforts. He recounted some success
stories from Ethiopia, which included: the development of water
drilling equipment capable of reaching 100 meters in depth; complete
coffee manufacturing factories that were indigenously designed;
and the production of rubber and plastic products using local
machinery and equipment. He challenged participants to seek innovative
ways by which ECA could help the private sector to improve.
(j)
Statement by the Commercial Attache of the Embassy
of the Republic of Kenya in Ethiopia, Mrs Margaret Nyandong
23.
Mrs Nyandong enumerated various efforts that the Government of
Kenya was making in the area of science and technology. She said
that Kenya was committed to the promotion of science and technology
in view of its objective to become a newly industrializing country
by the year 2020, and appealed to the ECA to assist her country
in achieving it. In her enumeration, she mentioned Kenya's acquisition
of technology through indigenous research, direct foreign investment,
patents; utilizing programmes developed by UNIDO and donor organisations;
utilizing the services of the Kenya Bureau of Standards; pursuit
of the transfer and adoption of environmentally sound technologies;
the improvement of its infrastructure to facilitate technology
transfer; and the activities of the Kenya Industrial Research
Institute. She also disclosed the Government's intention to set
up a National Industrial Development Council to coordinate activities
between the Government and the private sector.
(k)
Statement by the Regional Environment Office, US
Embassy in Addis Ababa, Mr Douglas B. McNeal
24.
He thanked the ECA for inviting him to participate as an observer
in the First Executive Dialogue and explained that his desire
to be part of the dialogue derived from his new assignment which
covered 12 African countries in Eastern and Southern Africa. He
said his focus was on science and technology and the environment.
The full texts of all the statements made are attached as Annexures
to this report.
Presentation of First Issue Paper: Research Institutions -
Industry Relations within the National Systems of Innovation"
(Agenda item 3)
(l)
Other statements
25.
The presenter briefly highlighted the various sections of the
paper and raised and answered some questions which were not touched
in the paper. In particular, the presenter wondered what roles
could be played by ECA, African governments, trade associations,
the research and development institutions in strengthening industry
- RDI collaboration. It was suggested that the ECA should, among
other actions, (a) continue to sensitize African governments about
the need to integrate Science and Technology policy into economic
policy, and (b) take steps to promote the stimulation of technological
innovation by disseminating some African success stories.
26.
It was suggested that African governments should provide a favourable
policy environment and take actions to support innovations. In
particular, they should set up centres for engineering designs
and manufacture to promote the development of indigenous capacity
in these areas; organise institutionalized fora for regular dialogue
and consultation among RDIs, government and industry to find ways
and means to (a) assist entrepreneurs in specific identified niches;
(b) develop industry – RDI collaboration in growth areas
such as electronics, micro-processors, solar energy, information
technology, material science and training in related skills; (c)
utilize some of their procurement policies to promote RDI-industry
linkages; and ((d) consider establishing Technology Clearing Houses
to stimulate the demand side of the national economy for products
of local RDIs which may have limited markets.
27.
Some African success stories were also highlighted to show how
such linkages had been forged in the past. The University of Science
and Technology (Kumasi, Ghana) Technology consultancy Centre (TCC)
ran a campus-based as well as an industrial estate based operation
which resulted in the production of glue from local materials
and the production of broader looms for Kente weaving respectively.
An operation focused on small scale manufacturing of ceramics;
foundry products for SMEs and training of technicians was carried
out at the Industrial estate-based operation.
28.
During the dialogue process participants drew on the experiences
of their countries to enrich discussions. The intervention from
the private sector participant from Tunisia highlighted the problems
that the economy faced, and how these were addressed. He said
that at independence: the country lacked critical technical skills;
it had a rapid rate of population growth; agricultural production
was stagnating; and only 60% of domestic consumption of meat was
produced locally. He stated that the government pursued agricultural
development through measures to increase cereal production which
included: the identification of partners; targeted research; seed
multiplication and distribution to farmers, and reliance on private
sector initiatives. In particular, the covering of production
deficit in meat was attained through private sector-research institution/networks
that supported research, technology, feeds, and choice of species.
It was stated that these results were attained because Agriculture
had the highest priority for the country, and it was suggested
that Africa must address it since it has mouths to feed. Also
it was stated that the agricultural sector in Tunisia introduced
the use of value analysis into the production system to identify
and train the critical skills that were required.
29.
A participant drew attention to the isolation of research from
industry; the need to identify the strategic industries Africa
should engage in; the need to set food security as the highest
priority in attaining competitiveness; the need to gear African
research and development to adding value to the primary products
that Africa produce; and the need to make the strategic goal of
R&D that of developing competitive advantage.
30.
Several participants drew attention to the need to exploit the
potentials of biotechnology in agriculture; mechanisation of farming
activities; and addressing storage, and processing in Africa's
Science and Technology activities. It was felt that agriculture
included many activities and could be the basis of Africa's long-term
competitiveness. Other issues raised were those of irrigation
and the fact that African agriculture is prone to droughts and
floods.
31.
Several questions were also raised during discussion. A member
wondered why the "Dialogue" seemed to be dealing with
small issues, and suggested that attention be directed to big
issues. He also suggested that Africa's cultures needed a change
to reflect the global issues affecting the continent.
Presentation of Second Issue: African Technological Development
in the context of Globalization (Agenda item 4)
32.
The presenter highlighted the various characteristics of globalization
and explained that trade liberalization represented one of the
biggest challenges facing African countries in their technological
development. He said that the Uruguay Round Agreement embodied
several provisions, in this trend towards trade liberalization,
which had important implications for Africa's technological development.
He reviewed the main agreements which included agreements on industrial
tariffs; non-tariff barriers (NTBs); safeguards; subsidies and
countervailing measures; agriculture; textiles and clothing; services;
trade related investment measures (TRIMs); and trade-related intellectual
property (TRIPs). He suggested that the expectation that the URA
agreements would lead to a freer flow of technology to developing
countries was unlikely in view of many countervailing factors.
He then suggested six measures by which African countries could
increase the impact of the URA for their technological development.
These were (a) using the subsidy provisions to develop their human
resource base; (b) investing heavily in social and physical infrastructure;
(c) getting those who would benefit from the strict enforcement
of the intellectual property provisions to pay for the legal and
institutional infrastructure to enforce them; (d) creating industrial
clusters that reflect niches of competitive advantage; utilizing
the millions of available free patents to access required technology;
and crafting innovative policies to woo direct foreign investment.
33.
During discussion participants raised many issues: (a) how were
African countries going to expand their exports in face of the
unlevel playing field in the world market? (b) what were the implications
of ignoring the "TRIPS" provisions for Africa? (c) what
concrete measures could African countries follow to woo direct
foreign investment? (d) what could Africa do about the heavy debt
overhang which was preventing infrastructural investment? (e)
what concrete measures could African countries take to access
available free patents? and (f) why should Africa be bothered
that the developed countries are subsidizing their agriculture
since Africa can not afford to subsidize and it helped food security
if cheap subsidized imports were available?
34.
The presenter suggested that the expansion of exports was critical
and difficult but was not impossible. He said it could be done
by choosing niches in biotechnology; adding value to their basic
raw materials; exploiting existing subregional trading blocs;
and taking a long-run view of their competitive advantage. Regarding
the suggestion that TRIPS be ignored, he said he was convinced
that African countries should not spend their meagre resources
enforcing TRIPS for the benefit of others. Rather they should
let beneficiaries pay for the infrastructure since the promise
of freer technology transfer through strict TRIPS enforcement
was not borne out by the evidence. To woo more DFI, the presenter
suggested that special attention be paid to improvement of legal,
social, political, and physical infrastructure. Without these,
DFI would continue to elude Africa. He said that Africa needed
concerted action to obtain debt reprieve; but he felt that if
debt was efficiently spent on infrastructural projects, users
could be made to pay for these to repay such debts. On the access
to available patents, he suggested that efforts should be geared
to screening and selecting relevant patents and disseminating
these to prospective users through electronic and print media.
He disagreed with the argument that Africa should not subsidize
its agriculture but should enjoy the free ride of others' subsidy.
He felt that every country that had made significant technological
progress had preceded this with an agricultural revolution. He
also felt that agriculture was still being subsidized, but the
wrong things which did not affect productivity or efficiency were
being subsidized. He said it was possible for a country to have
food self-sufficiency while sections of the society remained vulnerable.
Presentation of the Third Issue: Information and Communication
Technology in Support of Food Security and Sustainable Development
(Agenda item 5)
35.
The presenter called attention to the tremendous changes taking
place as a result of the Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) and emphasized the urgency of ensuring that Africa is not
sidelined in the process. She then highlighted the role that ECA
was playing to promote ICT which culminated in the endorsement,
by the Conference of Ministers, of the African Information Society
Initiative (AISI). She explained that this was an action framework
to build Africa's information and communication infrastructure.
She then mentioned the challenges and opportunities of some priority
areas such as job creation, health, education and research, culture,
trade and commerce, tourism, food security, gender and development,
and man-made crises and natural disasters. She emphasized the
need for African leaders to rearrange their priorities to ensure
that rural areas get the infrastructure that enables them to be
part of ICT. She showed that if that was done, ICT would support
science and technology development, and food security and sustainable
development. She highlighted areas in which ICT could be beneficial
to science and technology such as distance education; connecting
educational institutions to national and international facilities,
data bases, libraries, research laboratories and computing facilities;
reducing costs; promoting collaboration among educators and researchers;
and extending continuing education to rural communities. With
respect to food security, the presenter identified several areas
in which ICT could make critical contribution. These included
the establishment of information systems to monitor market performance;
development of systems dealing with the food chain; ICT networks
for efficient marketing; provision of equitable access to new
techniques of agricultural production; and efficient distribution
to reduce post-harvest losses. She listed several actions that
could be taken to actualise these benefits. She said that capacity
building, awareness raising and infrastructural development were
prerequisites for enjoying the benefits.
36.
During the dialogue process several issues were raised. Participants
wanted to know (a) if ECA had the capacity to cope with requests
from member States for the development of their ICT infrastructure;
(b) a participant wanted to know the extent to which electronic
commerce was a reality; (c) to what extent could ECA go beyond
awareness creation to begin to address the infrastructural constraints
of ICT? and (d) participant wanted to know how ECA partnerships
for ICT were forged. The presenter informed participants that
since the range of ICT applications was wide, it was necessary
for member States to define their objectives and prioritize these
so as to apply their limited resources to targeted areas of highest
need. She said that certain aspects of electronic commerce were
a reality such as sales promotion; communication with customers;
exchange of information; and the determination of investment opportunities.
She said that actual transactions were still constrained by security
issues of privacy and fraud. The presenter told participants that
the AISI network was meant for information sharing; joint implementation
of projects and the forging of partnerships. As to how partnerships
were developed she named some of the partners of ECA in the ICT
initiative and the means by which the partnerships were actualized.
She recalled that a large conference on connectivity had just
been concluded in Addis, which brought together over 300 participants
and partners.
Issues for ECA's Consideration (Agenda item 6)
37.
At the end of the First Executive Dialogue the following issues
were identified for ECA consideration.
1.
ECA should promote the provision of "real services"
to small and medium enterprises for their technological development.
These services include:
•
quality control and certification;
•
engineering design and manufacture;
•
the provision of supportive high technology services;
•
bulk procurement of inputs.
2.
The funding of science and technology activities should be increased
at the member country level; ECA should spearhead activities
that can expand the funding base for science and technology:
•
Country science and technology foundations to which private
individuals and organisations, and the Governments can contribute.
•
Special levies for science and technology.
•
Debt conversion to science and technology projects.
3.
ECA should promote the networking of science and technology
institutions, the compilation and dissemination of databases
on research and development activities and the identification
and encouragement of centres of excellence as a means of promoting
subregional cooperation.
4.
ECA should identify the science and technology priorities of
members States and assist them to develop core competencies
in areas of comparative advantage.
5.
ECA should screen available free patents relevant to specific
needs of member States (for example food storage, and processing
and environmental conservation) and compile and disseminate
a database of such patents.
6.
ECA should encourage member States that do not have science
and technology policies to develop them. In particular, technology
policy should be effectively integrated into national development
policies and programmes.
7.
ECA should spearhead regional research on technology policies
that have cross-country implications in the context of globalization.
Examples of themes for such studies are:
•
the technological response of African manufacturers to globalization;
•
the innovative behaviour of research and development institutions
in the context of current rationalization in Africa;
•
the study of technological dynamism in small, micro and
medium enterprise clusters around Africa - causes of dynamism
and methods of accelerating dynamism.
8.
ECA should promote RDI - industry linkages with special reference
to small and medium enterprises.
Adoption
of the report
38.
The draft report of the dialogue was considered by participants
and a number of amendments were made. At the end of the discussions
adoption of the report was proposed by the Honourable Minister
of State for Finance, Planning and Investment of Uganda. He was
seconded by the Honourable Deputy Minister of Environment, Science
and Technology of Ghana. Participants adopted the corrected report
unanimously.
Closing
39.
Closing remarks were made by the United Nations Under-Secretary-General
and Executive Secretary of ECA. In his remarks, he reiterated
the reason for organising the dialogue. It was for ECA to find
a strategic niche where it will make a contribution rather than
duplicate what other institutions were doing better. It was also
to forge partnerships, sharpen its vision and build a framework
for its operations, to better serve its member States. He thanked
the Honourable Ministers, Private Sector and other participants
who attended and commended them for their commitment to the cause
of African development.
40.
The Chairman of the Advisory Board who moderated the dialogue
process thanked the Executive Secretary for the opportunity offered
to participants to dialogue and the initiative taken by ECA. The
dialogue was officially closed at 7:15 p.m. on 19 June 1998.
Annex
Remarks
of His Excellency, Mr Hamid Zaouche, Ambassador of Tunisia in
Addis Ababa
Messrs
Ministers,
Mr Executive Secretary of the ECA,
Excellencies,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Allow
me at the outset, to express my deepest thanks to the Economic
Commission for Africa and more particularly, Mr Amoako for his
kind invitation and his timely initiative to organize this first
Executive Dialogue on Science and Technology for Africa's Development.
The
organisation of such a meeting proves, once again, the Economic
Commission for Africa's firm commitment to resolutely direct its
action to the real problems our continent is facing. What is more
crucial in this period of deep changes, than the development of
scientific research and technology control, for they are the core
of economic growth and social, cultural and industrial development
of modern Nations.
The
introductory lecture by Professor Paulina K. Makinwa-Adebusoye
has allowed us to acquaint ourselves with the real problems and
to make the pertinent analysis concerning namely:
-
the relationship between industry and research institutions;
-
technological development in Africa, within the context of globalization;
and
-
information technologies as the foundation for food security
and sustainable development.
These
three items are priorities for the majority of the countries of
our continent.
New
perspectives available within the context of the globalization
of markets and economies, make it imperative that we turn Science
and Technology into a national priority, to which appropriate
means should be evolved.
It
is my pleasures to underline that on her part, Tunisia of the
New Era, is firmly committed on this path, being aware that there
can actually be no sustainable economic and social development
without strong integration of scientific research in this process.
Allow
me, in this connection, to state very briefly, some Tunisian innovations:
-
the setting up in 1991 of a Secretariat of State of Scientific
Research and Technology under the chairmanship of the Prime
Minister's office;
-
a yearly budget increase of around 15% devoted to research,
since 1992. Today, it is around 1% of the State budget and 0.4%
of GDP;
-
the launching of mobilizing national programmes, with the participation
of several laboratories in various fields, such as agriculture,
health, environment, energy, computer science, telecommunications,
etc.;
-
development of research structures through the setting up of
a number of institutions in new sectors such as physio-chemical
analysis, tele-detection, biotechnology and nuclear energy;
-
the setting up of an electronic network of research and technology,
to facilitate scientific information and exchanges between researchers;
-
the setting up of financial incentives to reinforce the relationship
between research laboratories and enterprises; and
-
the introduction of procedures for periodical evaluation of
research activities.
Although
a lot has been done, we are fully aware that a lot remains to
be done in order to establish an innovative national system completely
integrated and performing smoothly.
Despite
the wide gap which still exists in the levels of development prevailing
amongst our countries and peoples, we must strive to turn science
and its results into binding factors between us.
In
Tunisia, we strongly believe that we are capable of giving another
image of our continent and of proving that we are perfectly able
to take full advantage of technological innovations so as to win
the battle of economic and social development.
We
are equally convinced that this first dialogue will allow us to
lay the foundation of a real and effective collaboration with
all concerned countries, thanks to durable and basic components,
such as human resources training, access to scientific and technical
information, development of research infrastructures, the management
of common projects of research and the realization of collective
evaluations.
I
wish, in conclusion, to once again thank the ECA for its welcome
initiative to which Tunisia fully subscribes.
Thank
you for your attention.
Presentation
by Dr Farouk Brimah, Deputy Minister, Ghana Industry of Environment,
Science and Technology
Chairman,
Your Excellencies,
Honourable Ministers,
Distinguished Invited Guests,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I
bring to you warm greetings from Ghana.
I
am Dr Farouk Brimah, a Deputy Minister of the Ghana Ministry of
Environment, Science and Technology responsible for science and
technology. I am a Member of Parliament and a Political Scientist.
Let
me first of all on behalf of the Government of Ghana apologise
for our late arrival to the Conference. In as much as we tried
to be there on the opening day, we could not make it due to conflicting
national assignment. Because of our national commitment to science
and technology, the Government deemed it necessary for us to come.
We are here this morning to participate in the final deliberation.
Thank you.
Ghana
is pleased to be associated with the First Executive Dialogue
of Ministers and Leaders in the Private Sector on Science and
Technology for Africa's Development.
Ghana,
just like its sister African nations has fully endorsed the fact
that science and technology is the key to present day national
development. As such we have been trying hard to improve our science
and technology infrastructure, build capacity in our science and
technology institutions, etc. all in the name of making science
and technology the cornerstone of our national development process.
Despite these efforts, we are still encountering problems which
I wish to share with you.
Problems
and Concerns of Ghana in Science and Technology
1.
Challenges of Globalization to Ghana's Competitiveness
on the World Market
The
lifting of trade barriers implies the unrestricted importation
of foreign goods some of which are at prices far lower than local
products. Technologies will be required to lower production costs
as well as enhance product quality to global competitive levels.
Indigenous capacities will have to be developed to meet International
Standards Organization ISO 9000 (Production Systems) and ISO 14000
(Environmental Quality Standards) demanded by World Trade.
2.
Challenges of new information and technology age
Information
is now a powerful tool worldwide and those who have the right
information and timely, have an edge over those who do not have
it. The rapid access and dissemination of information by electronic
means is a driving force for competitive production and access
to markets. It also facilitates in-country rapid dissemination
of information for informed decision making. The challenge is
how to bring these new technologies (e-mail, internet, satellite
communication, etc.) to the grassroots level in the present decentralized
form of Government.
3.
Formulation of Nation Science and Technology to address
the Requirements of Ghana's Vision 2020
Ghana's
Vision 2020 calls for the nation to become a medium income country
where at least the per capita income is $2,000.00 by the year
2020 and for science and technology to lead national development
efforts. The private sector is to be the engine of growth. A vibrant
science and technology policy to address science and technology
capacity building and the creation of other enabling environment
for a science-led development is a challenge to the country.
4.
Problem of Institutional Linkages between Public Sector
Science and Technology Institutions and the Private Sector
The
key public sector institution for science and technology research
in Ghana is the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) and to a lesser extent the Universities. As at 1996, the
CSIR was by law requested to commercialize its research and development.
To enable the CSIR cope with this paradigm shift, the Ghana Government
has contracted a World Bank loan to assist in the restructuring
of CSIR for delivery to the private sector.
The
CSIR of Ghana is currently addressing this new requirement with
the view to generate a minimum of 30% of its total annual budget
through research and development commercialization. I am therefore
pleased to note that this major initiative of the Government of
Ghana is also a subject for our deliberations during this meeting.
5.
Enhancement of Agricultural Productivity and its Linkage
with the Agro-Processing and Marketing Sector
Ghana's
agriculture is beset by annual fluctuations in response to the
vagaries of the weather. Also the instability of the market due
to alternating bumper harvest and drought situations have resulted
in a net lowering of agricultural productivity. Technologies to
maximize crop production with given inputs, post harvest and agro-processing
technologies to enable the storage and stabilization of food supply
are challenges facing the agricultural sector. Irrigation techniques
in accord with growing farm income levels will be needed.
Chairman,
it is my hope that technologies which will enhance productive
capacity of our industrialists whilst ensuring food security and
poverty alleviation will be addressed by this August body.
Thank
you very much.
Statement
by Zambia on the Occasion of the First Executive Dialogue of Ministers
and Leaders in the Private Sector on Science and Technology for
Africa's Development, 18 - 19 June 1998
National
Programmes on Science and Technology
1.
Introduction
The
Government of the Republic of Zambia, through the Ministry of
Science, Technology and Vocational Training (MSTVT), has successfully
developed a National Policy on Science and Technology. This was
done in order to improve coordination and funding of science and
technology programmes and activities. The mission of the Policy
is to promote and exploit science and technology as an instrument
for developing an environmentally friendly indigenous technological
capacity for sustainable socio-economic development in order to
improve the quality of life in Zambia.
The
policy was approved by Cabinet in 1995. Following the approval
of the policy, the MSTVT further developed a Bill on Science and
Technology which stipulates the institutional arrangement in the
Science and Technology System. The Bill was passed by Parliament
in October, 1997 and has since become an Act _ 26 of the Laws
of Zambia. The MSTVT, through the Department of Science and Technology,
has started the process of implementing the Science and Technology
Policy by undertaking various programmes and activities.
2.
Objectives programmes
The
Department of Science and Technology has spelt out long term objectives
which are to:
•
ensure the entrenchment of science and technology as part of
the culture of the productive sector; and
•
ensure competitiveness in the production of a wide range of
quality goods and services.
These
objectives are being achieved through the following programmes:
•
Scientific and technological rationalization;
•
Science and technology promotion; and
•
Scientific and technological data base creation.
The
activities that are being undertaken in these programmes are explained
below:
3.
Activities
3.
1. Creation of the Science and Technology Council (NSTC)
A
number of autonomous Research and Development Institutes will
be created during the process of rationalization of the Science
and Technology System. The first institution that will be created
very soon is the NSTC. This will be the coordinating body for
all science and technology activities in Zambia. It will be an
umbrella body under which all research and development institutes
that will be created will fall. The next two institutes that will
be formed within this year are the National Institute for Scientific
and Industrial Research, (the current laboratories of the National
Council for Scientific Research). The Science and Technology Institute
for Soils and Crops (the current agricultural research branch
of the Ministry of Agriculture Food and Fisheries), Statutory
Instruments for the creation of these institutes have already
been written. Other institutes are going to be created at a later
stage when appropriate statutory instruments are written.
3.
2. Science and Technology Conferences
As
part of the promotion of Science and Technology in Zambia, the
Department of Science and Technology has included two national
conferences on Science and Technology in the activities of 1997/98.
The purpose of the Conferences is to promote interaction among
stakeholders from Government, Industry, Education, Researchers
and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), so that they can review
Zambia's performance in research and development since independence
and recommend how research and development should be carried out
so that the findings can be applied in the productive sector.
The
First Conference was held in August, 1997 in Siavonga. The theme
of the Conference was "The Role of Science and Technology
in the Socio-Economic Development in Zambia." The participants
came up with the following resolutions:
•
Science and Technology should be allocated at least 5% of the
GDP instead of the current 0.1%;
•
Government should introduce measures that will promote the involvement
of more women in the application of science and technology in
various sectors of the economy;
•
Existing research and development institutions should be encouraged
to carry out research and development that is tailored to the
needs of the small and medium scale entrepreneurs, as well as
participating directly in entrepreneurship development. The
economic scenario in Zambia is such that small and medium scale
entrepreneurs are increasingly becoming the key players in the
economy. Therefore, in order for them to be able to complete
favourably in the global economy, they should be encouraged
to apply appropriate science and technology in their production
processes;
•
Science and Technology Institutions should be more proactive
and adopt a business like approach which should include the
establishment of support institutions that would market research
products.
These
resolutions were submitted to the MSTVT for action. The Ministry
is addressing these issues, some of them in consultation with
other line Ministries. The second conference is being held in
Livingstone, 16 - 20 June 1998. The theme of the Conference is
"Focusing Scientific Research and Technological Development
on priority areas; and identifying Incentives for the Development
and Application of Science and Technology in Zambia." Two
of the objectives of the Conference are to:
•
determine incentives for promoting private investment in science
and technology; and
•
determine incentives for technology providers and technology
use.
It
has been realised that one of the contributing factors to the
poor performance of the productive sector is the general lack
of research and development in their operations. However, the
establishment of research and development sections, particularly
in small scale enterprise, their operations can be very costly.
Therefore, there is need for small scale enterprise to enter into
partnership with research and development institutions so that
the latter can carry out research on behalf of the former on contract
basis. Another issue to be dealt with at the Conference is the
identification of priority to provide the required technologies
for their development and enhancement of production.
3.
3. Science and Technology Capacity Assessment
This
activity is being undertaken in order to assess the capacity of
Science and Technology in Zambia. In this context, capacity includes
human resource, infrastructure, and processes and methodologies
that are employed in various scientific and technological activities.
There
is need to know the capacity in the Science and Technology System
in order to establish the shortfalls and hence design more profitable
capacity building activities. This activity is being implemented
in stages. The first stage is to assess the capacity within the
research and development institutions and then move to industry
and educational institutions.
3.
4. Science and Technology Public Awareness
The
purpose of this activity is to promote science and technology
by enlightening the public on the role of science and technology
in socio-economic development, and hence cultivate a scientific
and technological culture in Zambia in the context of science
and technology, the public includes policy making authorities
in the politicians.
Awareness
campaign is being done through radio and television interivies,
panel discussions, and play acting. Science and technology slogans
have been printed on T-shirts and caps which are being sold to
the public.
Science
and Technology Policy in South Africa
Science
and Technology is a priority area of cooperation in South Africa's
relations with Africa. We have just made a voluntary contribution
of US$25,000.00 to the UNECA specifically for science and technology
development in Africa. Just a few months ago a science and technology
forum took place in Cairo at which South African and Egyptian
scientists deliberated on science and technology cooperation.
In South Africa, the present calendar year has been declared the
Year of Science and Technology in order to publicise the role
of science and technology in the development process.
Science
and technology policy was first articulated by President Mandela
in May 1994 when he linked it to human dignity and to the creation
of a people-centred society. Other cornerstones of the policy
are innovation, a performance-driven culture, improving quality
of life and enhancing economic competitiveness.
Research
and development has regrettably decreased from over 1% of GDP
in the eighties to around 0,7% at present. Interestingly of this,
the private sector contributes 54%.
In
January 1996, the Government published a Green Paper on science
and technology, inviting citizens to participate in the paper
as a discussion document. Using these inputs a White Paper was
published later in 1996 and copies will be made available to participants.
A
number of international science and technology cooperation agreements
have also been signed in the past few years. Countries include
UK, USA, Russia, EU, Germany, Italy, France, Netherlands, Flanders,
Israel and Croatia.
Eight
statutory bodies oversee the implementation of national science
and technology policy. These are Agricultural Research Council,
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Foundation for
Research Development, Mineral Technology Council, Human Sciences
Research Council, Medical Research Council, Council for Geoscience,
South African Bureau of Standards.
Apart
from these statutory bodies, there is research in other areas
such as the antarctic, energy, water, fisheries and environment.
The private sector does major research especially in the mining
and metallurgical areas and in industrial and information technology.
Presentation
by Mr Naresh S. Mehta, Managing Director, Power Technics, Nairobi,
Kenya
Introduction
and historical background
Power
Technics Ltd. was incorporated in Kenya in the year 1982. The
directors who are also shareholders of the company are qualified
engineers in the field of electrical engineering and mechanical
engineering.
The
initial capital of the company was US$500 with present capital
at US$100,000.
The
company has achieved a growth over last fifteen years with turnover
exceeding 10 million dollars out of which 2 million is from exports.
The
company employs 160 people with qualified technicians and engineers.
The company after incorporation in 1982 went through a transition
when the directors decided to venture into local manufacturing
of electrical switchgear products incorporating components from
principles it represented in the region.
Technology
planning and acquisitions
In
the next millennium, sustainable competitive advantage will come
much more from process technology and re-engineering and much
less of new product technology. There is some hope for African
countries to catch up with developed countries.
Because
the business environment is changing at an unprecedented speed,
Corporations must continually re-invent train and stay competitive.
With
effective training and technology planning organizations have
a powerful instrument to enhance enterprise competitiveness.
It
is important to identify the critical technological needs and
analyze their strengths in enhancing the growth of the enterprise.
In
our experience the market demand laid the foundation for our technical
needs and plan for technology acquisition.
While
many companies were embracing the old technology for manufacturing,
our company decided to acquire the best available technology machine
using CNC (Computer Numerical Controls) technology. This was at
par with machines used in developed countries.
Difficulties
were encountered in procurement of the technology especially importing
such machines in Africa.
Many
companies in Europe declined to quote or answer the enquiry from
Africa, at such demand for "CNC" machines was new and
unheard off from Africa. The machine manufacturers were afraid
of bad publicity and image of their machines were to stay idle
and unserviceable.
We
demonstrated our will to maintain the stock of spares and undertake
training in France. Also the bank were not willing to finance
such technology due to high technology and inability to dispose
such asset in case the company failed to perform.
With
colletral and high interest rate our company managed to negotiate
loan and purchased first set of CNC machines in 1990.
Today
the company has ordered 3rd set of such machines and now the suppliers
are more than willing to deal with our company due to past track
record and ability to service the loan.
One
can negotiate long credit terms and use EIB, (European Investment
Bank) for such purchases.
The
machines have helped to change the destiny of our company and
drive it towards export market in the region.
Competitive
product for regional/global market
With
industrial production and trade liberalization new demands have
emerged for the products to be competitive and compliance to international
quality standards.
Competitiveness
is increasingly dependent on the technological level in each sector
of the economy and manufacturing process for the particular products.
With
rapid pace of industrialization for African countries, time is
running out and many countries will fall behind due to various
constrains in the path to industrialization.
There
are basic requirements like, road, electricity, water and telephones,
which brings a conducive environment for investment.
Infrastructure
is a basic requirement for any successful industrial venture.
An enterprise can invest in the new technologies at par with developed
countries and produced goods with very high productivity.
The
cost of poor infrastructure in transporting the finished product
and receiving raw materials in time constitutes an added cost
on the final product.
This
would make companies uncompetitive against international competition.
The
pace of industrialization will depend not in the ability of enterprise
to acquire new technology but on the infrastructure.
Towards
industrialization Visions of 2020
We
recently celebrated another small passing from one year into another.
Goodbye 1997 and Hello 1998.
We
are now closer to celebrating a new century and a new millennium.
What will life be in the year 2010, 2020 or 2030? We all must
be thrilled at the prospect of living in the new Century!
For
a preview, we must look at past, say 100 years back. Compare life
in 1998 with the World in 1898! - incidently, the year my Grandfather
set foot on this soil and today we are fourth generation looking
ahead to next millennium.
While
there were a few automobiles on road and no electricity in major
parts of the World and most of the work tasks were done by muscle
power, our World has since changed to what we see today. Every
country targets vision and sets in motion the wheels of economy
which will drive it through the next millennium. What have we
done in Kenya?
Kenya
has embarked on the road to industrialization by the year 2020.
Industry
is a basic instrument for both economic modernization and sustainable
long lasting development. While industrialization is increasingly
market-driven government and indeed the World community continue
to have a decisive role in furthering sustainable industrial development.
Universally,
there is a compelling demand to speed up industrialization, especially
when agriculture tends to dominate the national economy.
Business
requires a conducive climate in which to flourish, but something
has to be done to overcome market weakness such as in the field
of environment or funding small industrial enterprises and training.
We
all have a role to play in training our new and upcoming graduate
engineers. Power Technics is an active participant in this drive
and trains engineers and technicians, who are either absorbed
by the company or the industrial sector.
Statement
by Kenya's Commercial Attache of the Kenyan Embassy in Addis Ababa
Kenya
is committed to the promotion of science and technology in view
of its objective to become a newly industrializing country by
the year 2020. An objective which the ECA should assist Kenya
in achieving through technical assistance.
Kenya
acquires technology through indigenous research and development,
direct foreign investment and patents accessed from the Kenya
Industrial Property Office.
In
acquiring technology, Kenya aims at creating employment, achieving
competitiveness in international markets and adopting appropriate
technologies suitable to domestic conditions.
Kenya
utilises programmes developed by the United Nations Industrial
Development Organisation (UNIDO) and donor organisations meant
to promote technological transfer.
The
country further utilises the services of the Kenya Bureau of standards
for standard development, testing and quality control.
Kenya
is a proponent of the transfer and adoption of environmentally
sound technologies. Currently the law on environment does address
itself to liability for the victims of pollution and other environmental
damage. Every technology imported or developed locally must be
environmentally sensitive and must include waste management as
a package.
In
an effort to access technology, the Kenyan Government is committed
to improving infrastructure. The Kenya Industrial Research Institute
(KIRDI) for instance has a leather testing facility and an engineering
development and service centre which carries out design and production
of engineering tools, jigs and fixtures. KIRDI has also conducted
research on improving the quality of coffee processing.
As
indicated in the current development plan, Government aims at
establishing the National Industrial Development Council which
will be a collaborative effort between Government and the private
sector aimed at addressing emerging needs and challenges to industrial
development. The NIDC will also provide strategic information
to enterprises on markets and new technologies and the nature
of competitiveness. The organisation will undertake specialised
programmes to encourage healthy competition and hold national
awards for quality production and export achievements.
Kenya's
private sector is committed to producing quality products and
undertaking quality production in the face of globalisation. The
Government encourages the promotion of SMEs for job-creation;
SME's are funded by organisations such as the Small Enterprise
Finance Company.
LIST
OF PARTICIPANTS
MINISTERS/REPRESENTATIVES
1.
ETHIOPIA Mr Asrat Bulbula
Commissioner
Ethiopian
Science and Technology
Commission
Addis
Ababa
His
Excellency
2.
GHANA Dr Farouk Brimah Alhaji
Deputy
Minister for Environment,
Science
and Technology
Accra
Tel.:
(233-21) 66 60 49
Professor
W. S. Alhassan
Director General
Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research
Accra
Tel.: (233-21) 77 47 72
Fax: (233-21) 77 76 55
E-mail: alhassan@africaonline.com.gh
Mr
Harold O. Quashie
Embassy
of the Republic of Ghana
Addis
Ababa
Tel.:
71 13 71/71 14 02
Mr
Ernest S. Lomotey
Counsellor
Embassy
of the Republic of Ghana
Addis
Ababa
Tel.:
71 14 02
His
Excellency
3.
KENYA Mr Geoffrey K. Muriithi
Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
Embassy
of the Republic of Kenya
Addis
Ababa
Mr
Margaret Nyandong
Commercial
Attache
Embassy
of the Republic of Kenya
Addis
Ababa
Ms
Peter Nthiga
Press
Attache
Embassy
of the Republic of Kenya
Addis
Ababa
4.
SOUTH AFRICA Dr S. Shaw
Charge
d'Affaires
Embassy
of the Republic of South Africa
Addis
Ababa
