The Western Indian Ocean (WIO) holds vast Blue Economy potential, valued at USD 333.8 billion, yet maritime insecurity continues to erode economic gains. Annual losses from threats—including IUU fishing, illicit trafficking, mixed migration, piracy, and pollution—are estimated at USD 1.14 billion, or 5.7% of the region’s gross marine product. While piracy has declined, steady-state threats increasingly strain coastal economies, public health, and ecosystems. Regional initiatives like MASE, RMIFC, and RCOC have improved security but rely heavily on short-term funding. The report outlines key threats, emerging risks, regional responses, and offers recommendations to build a resilient, regionally owned maritime security framework.